中世纪晚期至近代英国传统学徒制的演变

发布时间：2018-04-21 07:11

本文选题：手工业行会 + 城市　；参考：《天津师范大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：起源于古希腊,全盛于中世纪的学徒制在人类社会历史的长河中留下了浓墨重彩的一笔,对于欧洲经济社会的发展而言,其影响更是不可或缺。中世纪,大到复杂恢弘的宫廷建筑,小到细致特色的街头装饰品,都是工匠们的高超手艺下的艺术品,在工业革命前,几乎所有的生产工具和生活用品都是靠工匠们的双手制作而成。工匠依靠学徒制来使自己的手艺不失传,同时也招来廉价劳动力。进入城市,成为一名优秀的工匠从事工商业,在一定时期是一些人梦寐以求的事情。本文探讨英国传统行会学徒制的产生到其转型和衰落,以制度为核心,兼论制度与时代的关系,勾勒出英国传统学徒制变革的轨迹。第一章主要论述传统行会学徒制的兴起过程及其主要特征,论述行会学徒制兴起的土壤——城市手工业的发展和行会制度的确立,以及它们对学徒制传统的形成提供的基础,认为西欧中世纪城市的复兴与自治,手工业行会的兴起,传统契约的广泛应用等多方面因素构建了英国的行会学徒制。第二章论述中世纪末期传统行会衰落后传统学徒制的转型,指出一方面学徒制的传统得到了保持并向更加完备的方向发展,另一方面近代英国社会的转型和《工匠学徒法》的颁布使英国近代早期的学徒制就之前的行会学徒制而言已有了不容忽视的差异。第三章则主要论述工业革命的发生发展对传统行会学徒制的毁灭性打击,由于工业革命的进行促使资本主义由手工业发展到大机器生产,基于手工业基础上的英国传统行会学徒制必然会面临衰退与转型的局面。英国的传统学徒制的发生发展和衰落过程显示了一种技术传承制度的兴衰史,这一制度的变迁受社会的转型所制约,最终被更加高效的制度所取代。但学徒制中蕴含的精神气质却是很有意义且难以舍弃的,现代学徒制即继承了传统学徒制中的有益部分。
[Abstract]:The apprenticeship, which originated in ancient Greece and flourished in the Middle Ages, has left a heavy brushstroke in the history of human society, which is indispensable for the development of European economy and society. In the Middle Ages, large and complex court buildings, small street ornaments with detailed features, were all works of art under the superb craftsmanship of the craftsmen before the industrial revolution. Almost all tools and household goods are made by the hands of craftsmen. Artisans rely on apprenticeships to keep their craft alive and to bring in cheap labor. Entering the city, becoming an excellent craftsman engaged in industry and commerce, in a certain period of time is the dream of some people. This paper probes into the transformation and decline of the apprenticeship system of the British traditional guilds, taking the institution as the core and discussing the relationship between the system and the times, and outlines the track of the transformation of the British traditional apprenticeship system. The first chapter mainly discusses the rising process and main characteristics of the apprenticeship system of the traditional guilds, the development of the soil-city handicraft industry and the establishment of the guild system, and the foundation they provide for the formation of the apprenticeship system. It is believed that the revival and autonomy of medieval cities in Western Europe, the rise of handicraft guilds, and the wide application of traditional contracts have established the guild apprenticeship system in England. The second chapter discusses the transformation of the traditional apprenticeship system after the decline of the traditional guilds in the late Middle Ages, and points out that on the one hand, the tradition of the apprenticeship system has been maintained and developed to a more complete direction. On the other hand, the transformation of the modern English society and the promulgation of the Trades and Crafts Apprenticeship Act made the apprenticeship system in the early modern England different from that of the former guild apprenticeship system. The third chapter mainly deals with the devastating impact of the industrial revolution on the apprenticeship system of traditional guilds. As a result of the industrial revolution, capitalism developed from handicraft to large machine production. British traditional guild apprenticeship system based on handicraft industry is bound to face recession and transformation. The development and decline of the traditional apprenticeship system in Britain shows a history of technological inheritance system. The change of this system is restricted by the transformation of society and finally replaced by a more efficient system. However, the spiritual temperament contained in the apprenticeship system is very meaningful and difficult to abandon. The modern apprenticeship system inherits the beneficial part of the traditional apprenticeship system.
【学位授予单位】：天津师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K561.4

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