对日本“支那”一词用法的考察

发布时间：2018-05-16 15:43

本文选题：支那 + 日本　；参考：《北京外国语大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】："支那",亦作至那、脂那等,本是古代佛教经典对中国的称呼,而对于国人来说,它更多代表了近代同日本的那段惨痛历史,被视为是具有极大侮辱性的歧视用语。在《翻译名义集》中,"支那"被解释为"赞美此方是文冠文物之地"的美称,却在近代引起中国人的深恶痛绝;在日本它原本鲜为人知,却在近代成为民间、甚至官方对中国的普遍称呼。这其间的变化不可不谓之巨大。正如竹内好所说,"支那"一词可以说承载着中日近代历史的全部重量。本文通过对日本"支那"一词用法的探讨,以期给世人提供一个更为客观、全面的"支那"像。本文主要探讨两个课题,一支那在日本的变迁史,二日本称呼中国为支那的原因。关于前个课题,固然有实藤惠秀与佐藤三郎的著作珠玉在前,但他们只关注"支那"本身,我们无从得知"支那"在所有称呼中的具体定位,而本文通过对比同时代日本对中国的其他称呼,辅之以更广泛、翔实的史料,希望更清楚地描绘出支那在日本的普及过程。关于后个课题,至今相关的研究仍较少,本文重点关注"支那"在各个历史阶段的具体用法和词义变化,将该课题置于具体时代背景中来考量。本文除了开头和结尾外,一共由三大章构成。第一章关注"支那"的使用数量,结合具体史料,从该角度整理了"支那"从近世到甲午中日战争前后的变迁史。使用到的史料有近世日本人自己编撰的世界地理书籍、明治以后的小学地理教科书、《新闻集成明治编年史》等。考察结果如下,"支那"起初通过佛教交流传入日本,古代日本的"支那"使用虽然非常少,但一直没有中断过。"支那"使用开始增加发生在十八和十九世纪交接时;进入明治之后,"支那"使用大量增加;而它在日本的普及一—本文定义为普通民众知道其为中国的称呼——本文认为是在甲午中日战争发生之前,而非之前大部分研究所主张的甲午中日战争之后。第二章关注"支那"的词义变化,同样结合上述史料,从该角度整理了"支那"从近世到甲午中日战争前后的变迁史。考察结果如下,古代日本的"支那"使用主要受中国的影响,当时"支那"只是作为中国众多称呼中不大为人所知的一个,偶尔会出现在佛教相关的书籍中;近世新井白石的使用具有开创意义,其开创性就在于将"支那"作为西语的对应音译来使用,该使用方法在十八世纪后期被一些兰学家效仿,而他们之所以选择使用"支那"来称呼中国,与西洋各国的"支那"使用有着千丝万缕的关系;进入明治后,"支那"使用的多样性得到进一步发展,使用领域也更加广泛。另一个重要问题,"支那"的歧视性问题。先前研究讨论颇盛,但大部分都只停留于"支那"是歧视用语这一结论,关于"支那"为什么会由毫无贬义的中性词变成中国人反感的歧视用语的过程和原因并没有得到充分展开。词的感情色彩的变化与其使用的语言环境息息相关,本文认为是日本人对中国的轻蔑态度使得该词沾染上了歧视的意味,最终变成歧视用语,如书籍、报纸中提到的"支那"总是与落后、肮脏、不思进取等消极的描写联系在一起。第三章主要对日本人称呼中国为支那的原因展开分析。新井白石的"支那"使用或许是出于追求精确的科学精神;十八、十九世纪交接的洋学家的"支那"使用则更多是为了从一切惟中国马首是瞻、从对中国的绝对崇拜中脱离出来,以宣传自己的洋学主张,因此他们选择了西方人所使用的"支那"代替以往的"唐""中国""中华""汉土"等词来称呼中国;进入明治后,"支那"之所以能够在日本广泛传播开来则小学地理教科书的作用功不可没。综上,"支那"在日本的每个阶段的传播和变化都有其特殊的时代背景,而归根结底,这些变化实际是日本社会变化的结果,与日本中国观的变化、价值观的转变息息相关。日本从崇拜、学习中国到对中国产生怀疑、直至后来否定、轻视中国,这其中伴随的还有从尊崇中华文明到尊崇西方文明的价值观念的转变。虽说"支那"是歧视用语早已是世界范围内公认的事实,但仍然存在一部分人主张使用"支那"是合理的、甚至是必要的,作为证据他们提出中国历史上也曾使用"支那"称呼自己,蛊惑了不少不明就里的人。本文的研究意义在于,提供了一个考据较为翔实、时间跨度较广的"支那"变迁史,展现了 "支那"从中性词到歧视用语的变化过程,通过阅读本文,那些不明就里的人的疑惑或许可以得到解答。此外,本文尝试着从更广泛的视点为"支那"的普及和词义的变化的原因提供了一个解答。"支那"的历史变迁实际与日本中国观的变化、价值观的转变息息相关。如果我们离开"支那"先前漫长的历史,只单独分析甲午中日战争时段的话,我们或许只能将"支那"的流行和贬义化归为战争带来的偶然。
[Abstract]:"Zhi Na", also made to that, fat that, is the name of the ancient Buddhist classics to China, and for the Chinese people, it is more representative of the painful history of modern times with Japan, is regarded as a very insulting discriminatory term. The change of the Chinese people was abhorrent to the Chinese people; in Japan it was rarely known, but in modern times it became a folk, and even the official name for China. The discussion is to provide the world with a more objective and comprehensive "the" "the" "the" "the" "the" "the" "two topics, one branch of the history of Japan, the two Japanese call China as the reason. Of course, there are real To Huixiu and Misaki Sato Miro's works of pearl jade before, but they only pay attention to" the "itself", we do not learn to know " In this paper, by comparing the other address of Japan to China in the same time, this article is supplemented by more extensive and detailed historical materials, and hopes to describe the process of the popularization of it in Japan more clearly. In addition to the beginning and the end, this article is made up of three chapters. The first chapter focuses on the number of the use of the "Zhi Na", and collate the history of the vicissitude before and after the war from the near world to the Sino Japanese war in the Sino Japanese war from this angle. The world geography books compiled by people, the elementary school geography textbooks after Meiji, the Meiji chronicle of the news integration, and so on. The results are as follows. The "Zhi Na" was introduced into Japan through the Buddhist exchange at first. Although the use of the ancient Japanese "Sina" was very few, the use began to increase in eighteen and nineteenth Century. At the time of the transition, after the Meiji entry, the "Zhi Na" used a great deal of increase, and its popularity in Japan was defined as the name of the general public known as the name of China. This article is considered to be before the Sino Japanese war in the Sino Japanese War of 1894, but not after the Sino Japanese War advocated by most of the previous studies. The second chapter focuses on the change of the meaning of the "Sina". According to the above historical data, the history of the vicissitude of "Zhi Na" before and after the war between China and Japan from the near world to the Sino Japanese War of 1894 was arranged from this angle. The results of the study are as follows: the use of the ancient Japanese "Sina" was mainly influenced by China. The use of Shixin well white stone is of pioneering significance. Its originality lies in the use of "Zhi Na" as the corresponding transliteration of the western language. The use of this method was imitated by some blue scientists in the late eighteenth Century, and the reason why they chose to use "Chicago" to call China, with the use of the "Chicago" of the western countries, was inextricably linked; into Meiji. After that, the diversity of the use of "Chi na" has been further developed and more widely used in the field. Another important issue, the discriminatory problem of the "Chi na", has been discussed in the previous study, but most of them only stay in the conclusion that the "Chi na" is a discriminatory term. The process and reasons for the language have not been fully expanded. The changes in the emotional color of the words are closely related to the language environment used. This article holds that the disdain by the Japanese makes the word discriminate and eventually become a discriminatory term, such as books, and the "Sina" mentioned in the newspaper is always backward, dirty, and not. In the third chapter, the third chapter mainly analyzes the reasons why the Japanese call China the "Sina". The use of Nii Shiraishi's "Yanna" is probably out of the pursuit of the precise scientific spirit; eighteen, the "Yanna" use of the oceanographer, which was transferred in nineteenth Century, was more for the sake of all the Chinese. The absolute worship of the country is divorced from the advocacy of its own oceanography, so they choose the words "Tang", "China" "China", "Chinese" and "Han Tu", used by the Westerners to address China. After the Meiji entrance, the role of the "Yanna" in Japan is widely spread. In the final analysis, these changes are the result of the change of Japanese society, which is closely related to the change of Japan's view of China and the change of values. It is accompanied by the change of values from respecting the Chinese civilization to the respect of Western civilization. Although it is a recognized fact that the phrase "zchinna" is already recognized worldwide, some people still argue that the use of "zyan" is reasonable and even necessary. As evidence, they also put forward the use of "zyan" in Chinese history. The research significance of this article is that it provides a history of the vicissitude of the "chic", which has a more detailed and more detailed time span, and shows the change process of "Zhi Na" from neutral words to the language of discrimination. By reading this article, the doubts of those who are unidentified may be answered. In addition, this article tries to find out. It provides an answer from a broader view of the popularity of the "Sina" and the change in the meaning of the word. The historical changes of "the" "the" "the" historical changes in Japan and the changes in the values of Japan are closely linked. The popularity and derogatory of China belong to the contingency brought by war.

【学位授予单位】：北京外国语大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：H36

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