上海第二次工业改组与工业结构调整

发布时间：2018-05-22 08:31

  本文选题：上海第二次工业改组 + 工业结构调整　； 参考：《上海社会科学院》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：近代上海是作为全国的多功能经济中心,无论是在金融业、工业、商业、贸易,还是交通运输业领域都占有首屈一指的地位,但是由于租界的长期存在,上海的经济发展也存在许多结构性的失衡。上海解放后,在新中国逐步建立全国一盘棋的经济建设中,经济领域的结构性调整已成为政府亟待解决的问题。建国初期,上海的三次工业改组就是在这样的背景下进行的。上海工业发展的主要问题首先表现在生产生活资料的轻纺工业与生产生产资料的制造工业明显比重相差太大,轻纺工业所占比重过高,尤其是在物资供应相对匮乏的五十年代,无法调动足够的力量来供应上海的轻纺工业的生产;其次工业企业规模过小也是上海工业发展的痼疾,上海急需在公私合营之后通过工业企业的裁并、重组,建立稳定的生产能力;再次建国后上海除了小部分的外国资本家或者官僚资本投资的少数大厂之外,绝大多数的工厂设备陈旧、技术落后,上海需要通过技术革命,提高生产率。在1956年《论十大关系》发表之后,以上海为代表的沿海地区的发展被中央提上了日程,不仅是上海自身需要对其产业发展状况进行调整改变之前的"失衡"状态,全国对上海的"期望"也日益提升,希望上海发挥自身的工业基础,带动全国的工业发展,在这种情况下上海开展了全方位的工业结构调整。上海进行工业结构调整的主要方式是对工业企业进行全方位的改组,改变之前的工业结构,使之适应上海自身发展的需要,同时带动全国工业发展。上海建国之后大规模的工业改组总共进行了三次,分别为第一次工业改组(1956-1957年)、第二次工业改组(1958-1960年)和第三次工业改组(1962-1965年),这几次工业改组是由政府指导的自上而下的改革,是上海工业结构调整的三次尝试,工业改组根本上改变了上海失衡的工业结构,为其成为"工业基地"和"科学技术基地"奠定了基础。其中第二次工业改组是在第一次工业改组建立上海完整的工业管理系统的基础上进行的,并且配合了行政区划的变迁、"高精尖"工业方针的提出,在"大跃进"的复杂环境中完成了上海工业结构的巨大转型,奠定了上海当代工业布局的雏形,是三次工业改组中最具有研究价值的一次改组,也是本文讨论的主要内容。在之后六十年代末的第三次工业改组是在第二次工业改组的基础上进行的调整和收缩,上海的基本工业发展方向没有变化。就上海本身而言,第二次工业改组也是影响上海城市发展的重大调整,第二次工业改组大规模的企业裁并改组虽只有半年的时间,但是在改组的过程中,上海整合了自身的工业发展潜力,为行政区划调整、工业区以及卫星城的扩建提供了产业基础,同时通过建立骨干企业打造了一批有生产能力的大厂,在工业改组的过程中,发展"高、精、尖"产业,建设两个基地成为上海工业发展的新方向。本文系统研究了第二次工业改组的工作准备、具体实施以及其导致的结果,并对改组过程中管理体制进行了专门探讨。本文以未被发掘过的档案资料、报刊资料为基础,从公私合营后的新工业方针以及第一次工业改组切入,剖析上海的工业结构问题,详细论述了第二工业改组的过程、影响、体制改革等,对第二次改组与工业结构调整的关系进行系统的分析与论述。上海工业方针的变动不管是"紧缩"还是"发展","扩建"还是"新建"都是紧紧跟随国家工业发展的整体发展需要,奉行"全国一盘棋"的方针,在全国现代化建设起步阶段扮演了重要角色。上海第二次工业改组为国家战略与地方经验关系的研究与探讨,提供了非常好的案例,也是我们研究当代经济史应该重视的研究视角。
[Abstract]:Modern Shanghai is the multi-functional economic center of the whole country. It occupies the first position in the fields of financial, industrial, commercial, trade, transportation and transportation. But because of the long-term existence of the concession, there are many structural imbalances in the economic development of Shanghai. After the liberation of Shanghai, the whole country is gradually set up in the new China. In the economic construction, the structural adjustment of the economic field has become an urgent problem for the government. In the early period of the founding of the people's Republic of China, the three industrial reorganization of Shanghai was carried out in this context. The main problem of the industrial development of Shanghai is the difference in the proportion of the manufacturing industry of the light textile industry and the production and production data of the production and living materials. Too large, the proportion of the light textile industry is too high, especially in 50s, which is relatively deficient in the supply of materials. It is impossible to mobilize enough power to supply the production of the textile industry in Shanghai. Secondly, the small scale of industrial enterprises is the chronic disease of Shanghai industry, and Shanghai is in urgent need of the restructuring and establishment of the industrial enterprise after the joint operation of public and private enterprises. In addition to the small number of foreign capitalists or bureaucratic capital invested by a small number of large factories in Shanghai after the founding of the people's Republic of China, the vast majority of the factory equipment is obsolete, the technology is backward, and the Shanghai needs to improve the productivity through the technological revolution. In 1956, the development of the coastal areas, represented by Shanghai after the "Ten Relations", was developed. The Central Committee has put on the agenda, not only the "unbalanced" state before Shanghai itself needs to adjust and change its industrial development, and the national "expectation" of Shanghai is also increasing. It is hoped that Shanghai will give full play to its industrial base and promote the industrial development of the whole country. In this situation, Shanghai has carried out a full range of industrial structural adjustment. Shanghai is going to advance in this situation. The main way to adjust the industrial structure is to restructure the industrial enterprises in all directions, to change the industrial structure before it can adapt to the needs of Shanghai's own development and to promote the national industrial development. After the founding of Shanghai, the large-scale industrial reorganization has been carried out three times, divided into the first industrial reorganization (1956-1957 years), and second times. The industrial restructuring (1958-1960 years) and the third industrial restructuring (1962-1965 years) are the top-down reforms directed by the government and the three attempt at the adjustment of the industrial structure in Shanghai. The industrial restructuring has fundamentally changed the industrial structure of the unbalanced Shanghai and laid the foundation for its "industrial base" and "scientific and technological base". The second industrial restructuring was carried out on the basis of the first industrial reorganization and the establishment of a complete industrial management system in Shanghai, and with the change of the administrative division. The "high and sharp" industrial policy was put forward and the huge transformation of the industrial structure of Shanghai was completed in the complex environment of "great leap forward", and the prototype of the contemporary industrial layout of Shanghai was laid. It is the most valuable restructure in the three industrial reorganization and the main content of this article. The third industrial restructuring at the end of the 60s was adjusted and contracted on the basis of the second industrial restructuring, and the basic industrial development direction of Shanghai was not changed. As for Shanghai itself, the second industrial restructuring was also It is a major adjustment that affects the development of Shanghai city. Although the second industrial restructuring is only half a year, in the process of restructuring, Shanghai has integrated its own industrial development potential, providing the industrial basis for the adjustment of administrative divisions, the expansion of the industrial area and the satellite city, and the establishment of a backbone enterprise. In the process of industrial restructuring, a number of large factories with productive capacity have been developed, and the development of "high, fine, sharp" industries and the construction of two bases have become the new direction of industrial development in Shanghai. This paper systematically studied the work preparation, concrete implementation and results of the second industrial restructuring, and made a special discussion on the management system in the process of reorganizing. Based on the unexplored archives and newspapers and periodicals, this paper analyzes the industrial structure of Shanghai from the new industrial policy and the first industrial reorganization after the joint public and private joint venture, and discusses in detail the process, influence and system reform of the second industrial restructuring, and systematically divides the relationship between the second restructures and the industrial structure adjustment. The changes in the industrial policy of Shanghai, whether it is "tightening" or "development", "expansion" or "new", are both closely following the overall development needs of the national industrial development, pursuing the policy of "whole country chess" and playing an important role in the initial stage of the national modernization construction. The second industrial restructuring of Shanghai is a national strategy and a local economy. The research and discussion of the test relationship provides a very good case and a research perspective that we should pay attention to in the study of contemporary economic history.
【学位授予单位】：上海社会科学院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K29
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本文编号：1921330