《论语》道德体系研究

发布时间：2018-05-22 15:04

本文选题：《论语》 + 道德体系　；参考：《郑州大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：《论语》的思想内容博大精深,涉及人与社会的方方面面,既有原始儒家的政治方略和教育原则,更有伦理道德的主张,而后者则是《论语》思想的核心。它提出了以“仁”为内在核心、以“礼”为外在准则、以“孝”“信”“义”“勇”“忠”等德目为重要内容的道德体系,来协调人与自我、人与人、人与社会及人与自然的关系,以维护社会的和谐稳定,故有人将《论语》称为“东方圣经”。《论语》记载了孔子及其门人弟子的日常对话或问答,篇幅短小、各章节在排列上没有关联,但其道德思想的逻辑脉络是清晰的:它把个人道德作为家庭道德和社会道德的生长点,提出了“修己”→“孝亲”→“爱众”的逻辑进路,由己及人、由亲及疏,从而构筑起了一个庞大的道德大厦。在《论语》一以贯之的道德系统中,人与自我的关系主要指个人的道德修养,它是建构《论语》道德体系的起点。原始儒家把“君子”作为理想的道德人格,并提出了系统完整的修身方法。《论语》提出的修身论,不仅以提高个人德性修养为目标,而且把实现“安百姓”的社会理想作为“修己”的终极价值追求。家庭道德是《论语》道德体系的基石,《论语》家庭道德以“孝悌”为核心,主要论及了夫妇、父子、兄弟之伦。而人与社会之间的道德关系,包括个人与群体、团队、国家等关系,即社会道德问题。《论语》讲的社会道德,又可以分为职业道德和社会公德:就职业道德而言,《论语》指出了“君子”“小人”的分工方式,重点阐述了君德、士德和师德;就社会公德而言,《论语》有丰富的公德思想,且由个人道德、家庭道德等私德扩展而来。《论语》还提及人与自然的道德关系,提出了“节用爱物”的生态实践观,还主张以道德之心体悟自然,以自然之德反观个人道德,追求人与自然的和谐统一。《论语》建构的道德体系,看似比较简单,思想意蕴却极为深厚,其开放性的特征,为后世对之进行阐释预留了充足的空间,可以说后世儒家提出的道德观念,皆是在不同背景下对《论语》道德思想做出的新阐发。故它不仅是儒家道德思想的源头活水,而且影响了一代又一代华夏儿女的道德观念、文化情趣和价值追求,乃至深刻影响华夏文化形态的形成和演变。
[Abstract]:The ideological content of Analects of Confucius is extensive and profound, involving all aspects of people and society, including the political strategy and educational principles of the primitive Confucianists, and the idea of ethics and morality, while the latter is the core of the thought of the Analects of Confucius. It puts forward a moral system with "benevolence" as its inner core, "propriety" as its external criterion, "filial piety", "faith," righteousness, "courage," loyalty, "and so on, as an important moral system. In order to maintain social harmony and stability, the relationship between man and society and between man and nature is called the Eastern Bible. The Analects of Confucius records the daily dialogues or questions and answers of Confucius and his disciples. Each chapter has no relation in arrangement, but the logical thread of its moral thought is clear: it regards personal morality as the growing point of family morality and social morality, and puts forward the logical way of "self-cultivation" and "filial piety" and "loving people". A huge moral edifice has been built by oneself and others, by relatives and by distance. In the consistent moral system of Analects of Confucius, the relationship between man and himself mainly refers to the personal moral accomplishment, which is the starting point of constructing the moral system of Analects of Confucius. The primitive Confucianists regarded the "gentleman" as the ideal moral personality, and put forward a systematic and complete method of self-cultivation. Moreover, the realization of the social ideal of "peace and common people" is regarded as the ultimate value pursuit of self-cultivation. Family morality is the cornerstone of the moral system of Analects of Confucius. Family morality takes filial piety as the core and mainly discusses the relationship between husband and wife, father and son, and brother. The moral relationship between people and society, including individual and group, team, state and so on, is social moral issues. In terms of professional ethics, the Analects of Confucius points out the division of labor between the "gentleman" and the "villain", with an emphasis on Junde, Scholars and teacher's morality; as far as social morality is concerned, the Analects of Confucius has abundant thoughts of public morality. The Analects of Analects also refer to the moral relationship between man and nature, and put forward the ecological practical view of "saving the use of love for things", and advocates understanding nature with the mind of morality and reflecting personal morality with virtue of nature. The moral system constructed by the Analects of Confucius seems to be relatively simple, but its ideological implication is very profound, and its open features reserve ample space for future generations to interpret it. It can be said that the moral concepts put forward by the later Confucianists are all new interpretations of the Analects of Confucius under different backgrounds. Therefore, it is not only the source of Confucian moral thought, but also affects the generation after generation of Chinese children's moral concept, cultural interest and value pursuit, and even deeply affect the formation and evolution of Chinese culture.
【学位授予单位】：郑州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B82-092

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