春秋时期大夫以下阶层参政现象研究

发布时间：2018-06-05 01:43

本文选题：春秋时期 + 大夫以下阶层　；参考：《吉林大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：春秋社会有着从天子、诸侯、卿大夫到士、庶人这样一个等级严明的社会结构体系,其中,卿大夫以上阶层掌握着国家的核心权力,士阶层的地位较之其它贵族阶层而言显得十分卑微,即便能够占据一官半职,也是小官、小吏,基本游离于权力核心之外,难以参与高层决策,而庶民阶层如农、工、商及皂隶等,更几乎没有政治权力,被排除在外,有些甚至没有人身自由。然而这些看似身份低微的士民,在长达三百多年的春秋时期,能够凭借某种机会直接参政或被卷入到政治斗争中,并对当时社会产生一定影响,已然成为一种引人注目的历史现象。作为处于政治边缘的底层士民,在等级严明的春秋社会,能够有机会参政,甚至参与到立嗣、弑君这样的政治环节中,不得不引起我们对这个群体的关注和重视,到了春秋后期,一些重大的社会变革如官僚制度的形成,其中一项不可忽视的因素即为士人的崛起和下层民众的推动。本文将分五部分进行论述。首先笔者欲将搜集到的材料中的参政人物进行归类,将其身份归为公卿近侍、贱官微臣和匹庶民众三大类,每一类再细分为几小类,这样能够较为清晰地给读者以人物身份上的概览,且为后面的参政活动特点做出铺垫。而后笔者将阐述参政者的参政方式,分为犯颜直谏、出谋划策、政治预言、舆论谴责、恃宠作乱、施计报复、执行刺杀、家臣叛乱八种形式,每种形式均有其特点和作用,正文将举例进行具体论证。第三部分笔者将论述参政活动的原因。主要分为个人原因和社会原因,个人原因包括忠心为主、卫道守礼、私欲膨胀等七种,将结合材料具体阐释。关于社会原因,笔者欲利用今人研究成果,从原始时期民主传统的遗存,到客观的春秋社会环境的变迁,做一疏浅阐释。第四部分笔者将总结参政结果。结果将分个人和社会两个层面分别阐释,对参政者个人而言,主要涉及个人利益的得失,对社会而言,参政结果体现在立嗣、弑君、叛乱等方面。第五部分笔者将对参政活动的特点进行论述,这一部分也是对前文的综合论述,以此给予读者以春秋时期下层民众参与政治活动特点上的一个全面认知。最后,结语里对论文的各个部分进行全面总结,综合概括了前文身份、方式、原因及结果等部分的内容,并阐述了大夫以下阶层参政的社会影响和历史意义。
[Abstract]:The society of the Spring and Autumn period had such a strict social structure system as the son of Heaven, the princes, and the common people. Among them, the upper echelons of the Qing Dynasty and above held the core power of the state. Compared with other aristocrats, the status of the academic class is very humble. Even if they can occupy one official or half a post, they are also small officials and officials, who are basically outside the core of power and are difficult to participate in high-level decision-making, while the ordinary people's stratum, such as farmers and workers, is difficult to take part in. Shang and Zhili, even less political power, were excluded, some even did not have personal freedom. However, during the Spring and Autumn period, which lasted for more than three hundred years, these low-status taxi people were able to directly participate in politics or be involved in political struggles by some kind of opportunity, and had a certain impact on the society at that time. Has become a remarkable historical phenomenon. As the people at the bottom of the political margin, in the highly hierarchical society of the Spring and Autumn period, they have the opportunity to participate in politics, even in the political links such as heirs and regicide, which have to arouse our concern and attention to this group. In the late Spring and Autumn period, some major social changes such as the formation of bureaucracy, one of the factors that can not be ignored is the rise of scholars and the promotion of the lower class. This article will be divided into five parts to discuss. First of all, the author would like to classify the political figures in the collected materials, and classify them into three categories: the public and the minister, the petty officials and the ordinary people, each of which is further subdivided into several small categories. In this way, it can give readers a clear overview of the characters, and pave the way for the characteristics of the political activities. Then the author describes the political participation of those who participate in politics, which is divided into eight forms, which are as follows: bluntly admonishing, giving advice, political prophecy, public opinion denouncing, spoiling by favoritism, revenge, execution of assassinations, and rebellion of family officials. Each form has its own characteristics and functions. The main text will give examples for concrete argumentation. The third part will discuss the reason of participating in politics. It is mainly divided into personal reasons and social reasons, personal reasons include loyalty as the main, Wei Tao to observe the ceremony, the expansion of selfish desire and other seven kinds, will be combined with the material specific interpretation. As for the social reasons, the author intends to make a brief explanation from the legacy of the democratic tradition of the primitive period to the change of the objective social environment of the Spring and Autumn period. The fourth part of the author will sum up the results of political participation. The result will be explained from two aspects of individual and society. For the individual participating in politics, it mainly involves the gain and loss of personal interests. For the society, the result of political participation is embodied in the aspects of heir, regicide, rebellion and so on. In the fifth part, the author will discuss the characteristics of the activities of participating in politics, this part is also a comprehensive discussion of the previous text, in order to give readers a comprehensive understanding of the characteristics of the lower class people participating in political activities in the Spring and Autumn period. Finally, the conclusion summarizes all parts of the paper, comprehensively summarizes the previous identity, methods, causes and results of the contents, and expounds the social impact and historical significance of the participation of the lower levels of doctors in politics.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K225

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