清代安徽邮驿研究（1667-1911年）

发布时间：2019-03-15 21:21

【摘要】：本文以清代安徽邮驿为研究对象,时间跨度自清康熙六年(公元1667年)安徽正式建省之时起,至宣统三年(公元1911年)清朝覆灭之日止,其研究地域范围以宣统三年(公元1911年)安徽省下辖行政区为准,即13个统县政区(包括8府、5直隶州),55个县级政区(4属州、51县)。邮驿制度发展到清代已日趋完善,无论是中央层面的会同馆、皇华驿、捷报处抑或地方层面的驿、站、塘、台、所、铺,其设置地域之广阔,形式之多样,驿路之发达程度,均较前朝完备,其中驿站和急递铺是承担政府信息传递的两个主要载体,其设置数量也较其他邮驿形式为多。清时安徽省所设驿站和急递铺数量分别为81处和867所,其中驿站的分布格局以长江为界呈现出北多南少且驿站规模北方较南方为大的特征,而作为主要传递中央与地方、地方与地方之间一般文书的急递铺来说,其数量与分布则与驿站有较大不同,其中影响驿站和急递铺数量、分布格局的主要原因不外乎政治、经济、军事、地理等自然和社会因素。基于81处驿站的分布格局,在此基础上形成的主要驿路共有三条:南北干线、入江西驿路和水路,它们共同构成了清时安徽水陆兼备、四通八达的邮驿网络。有关清代邮驿制度的史料较为丰富,因此只要仔细爬梳相关史料,对于清时邮驿制度的典章解读便成为可能,清时安徽邮驿制度涉及邮符、驿费、驿程、驿马、驿车、驿船、驿禁、给驿(及杂支)、程限等多个项目,而驿费又是其中尤为关键的一环。驿费是维持整个邮驿系统正常运行的经济基础,如何处理好驿费问题并使其发挥最大功效困扰着清朝统治者们,从清初至乾隆再到嘉庆皇帝,清政府在围绕驿费支配权问题的政策上经历了多次反复,然始终未能彻底解决。清时安徽驿费经额的多少与清朝驿费总额的变化有着密切联系,大致经历了由多到少再趋于稳定的态势,在与其他省份驿费作对比后发现,安徽省驿费总体稍显不足,面临如此困境,如何更好地发挥驿站在公文传递、官员接待、运输饷银、押解犯人、调防军队和发展地区经济等方面的功能以及如何形成有利于安徽省内部、周边省份乃至与中央政府之间的良性互动是一个值得深思的问题。鸦战之后,中国出现几千年未有之变局,随着一系列不平等条约的签订,电报、邮政、铁路、轮船等新式通信、交通工具也随之而来,对传统驿传体系造成致命冲击,最终难逃"裁驿归邮"的命运。危机总是与时机相伴而生,在一片"裁驿归邮"的浪声中,安徽省成为晚清时期最早设立新式邮政、电报的省份之一,这就使得其邮驿事业在近代转型中完成圆满嬗变。
[Abstract]:This article takes the Qing Dynasty Anhui post as the research object, the time span from the Qing Dynasty Kangxi six years (AD 1667) Anhui formally established the province, to Xuantong three years (AD 1911) the Qing Dynasty collapse date, Its research area is based on Xuantong three years (A.D. 1911) under the jurisdiction of Anhui Province, that is, 13 county administrative districts (including 8 governments, 5 Zhilizhou), 55 county-level administrative districts (4 counties, 51 counties). The post system has been gradually perfected in the Qing Dynasty, whether at the central level of the Hun Pavilion, the Huanghua Post, the Jettison Office or the local level of the post, station, pond, Taiwan, the location, the shop, the vast territory, the variety of forms, the degree of development of the post road. Both of them are more complete than the former dynasties, among which the post station and the express delivery shop are the two main carriers which undertake the government information transmission, and the number of them is more than that of the other post forms. During the Qing Dynasty, the number of post stations and emergency berths in Anhui Province were 81 and 867, respectively. The distribution pattern of post stations was characterized by more and less north and south and larger scale of post stations in the north than in the south, with the Yangtze River as the boundary, but as the main transmission center and place. The number and distribution of general documents between local and local governments are quite different from those of post stations. The main reasons for affecting the number of post stations and express shops are politics, economy and military affairs, and the main reasons for the distribution pattern are political, economic and military. Natural and social factors such as geography. Based on the distribution pattern of 81 post stations, there are three main post roads formed on this basis: the north-south main line, which enters Jiangxi Post Road and the waterway, which together constitute the post network of Anhui Province with both water and land in the Qing Dynasty. The Qing Dynasty post system has rich historical data, so as long as we carefully comb the relevant historical data, it is possible to interpret the rules and regulations of the Qing Dynasty post system. The Qing Dynasty Anhui post system involves postal symbols, post fees, post-journey, post-horse, post-car, post-ship, and it is possible to interpret the rules and regulations of the Qing-time post-post system. Post ban, post (and miscellaneous branches), program limits and many other items, and the post fee is one of the most critical. Post fee is the economic basis for maintaining the normal operation of the whole postal system. How to deal with the issue of post fee well and make it play its greatest role has troubled the rulers of the Qing Dynasty, from the beginning of the Qing Dynasty to Qianlong and then to the emperor Jiaqing. The Qing government has experienced many times over and over around the policy of controlling the right of post-payment, but it has never solved it completely. The amount of post fee in Qing Dynasty was closely related to the change of the total amount of post fee in Qing Dynasty, and generally experienced the trend of stabilization from more to less. After comparing with other provinces, it was found that the total cost of post in Anhui Province was a little less than that in other provinces. In the face of such a dilemma, how to make better use of the functions of post stations in the transmission of official documents, reception of officials, transport of pay silver, escort of prisoners, adjustment of the army and development of the regional economy, as well as how to form functions conducive to the interior of Anhui Province, The benign interaction between neighboring provinces and even with the central government is a question worth pondering. After the Opium War, China had changed for thousands of years. With the signing of a series of unequal treaties, new communications such as telegrams, postal services, railways, steamships and other new communications, means of transportation also followed, causing a fatal impact on the traditional post-transmission system. In the end, it is hard to escape the fate of "returning to post". The crisis is always accompanied by the opportunity. In a wave of "returning post to post", Anhui Province became one of the earliest provinces to set up new postal posts and telegrams in the late Qing Dynasty, which made its postal service complete its successful transformation in the modern transformation.
【学位授予单位】：安徽大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K249

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