不同水稻品种氮利用效率差异及氮锌互作效应的研究

发布时间：2018-04-10 22:45

本文选题：水稻 + 氮　；参考：《华中农业大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：水稻是我国最重要的粮食作物,水稻产量的高低,对保障我国粮食安全起了非常重要的作用。氮肥的施用是保障水稻产量的重要途径之一,锌对水稻产量与品质都有重要作用,同时锌也是保障居民身体健康不可忽视的重要微量元素。本研究一方面以两优培九、9311、GD194、7954、日本晴为研究材料,通过营养液实验设置3个氮水平,在苗期、分蘖期、抽穗期分析生长表型和养分含量,以此研究在不同氮浓度处理下,各水稻品种生物量和养分变化规律,鉴定氮高低效品种;另一方面以氮高、低效水稻品种两优培九和日本晴为研究材料,设置氮锌交互处理,分析生长表型、养分含量和田间产量,以此研究氮锌互作对水稻生长、结实和生理生化的影响。获得主要研究结果如下:1.不同氮水平下,各水稻品种生长和养分变化规律以及氮利用效率差异分析5个水稻品种在3个氮水平下培养,分析了苗期、分蘖期、抽穗期各水稻品种的干重、株高、根系构型、光合利用能力、养分含量。主要研究结果如下:(1)随着供氮水平的提升,在分蘖期和抽穗期各水稻品种的株高、干重、SPAD值显著增加,总根长、总根表面积、根系总体积、平均直径显著降低,光合速率不断提高;各品种间生长表型上存在显著差异,两优培九在各指标上显著高于其他4个水稻品种,日本晴最低,表现为:两优培九GD194≥9311≥7954日本晴。(2)氮的吸收利用上,各水稻品种随着氮素水平的提高,氮含量和累积量显著增加,两优培九氮素累积量显著高于其它品种,日本晴显著低于其他品种。各水稻品种各生育期地上部和根的氮生理利用效率和氮利用指数随氮水平的提高而降低。两优培九的氮生理利用效率和氮利用指数显著高于其他品种,日本晴最低。在分蘖期,0.48 mmol/L N和0.96mmol/L N条件下,相较于其他品种,两优培九地上部氮生理利用效率分别提高13%-37%和24%-50%,在抽穗期分别提高了24%-80%和44%-66%。由此认为两优培九为氮高效品种,日本晴为氮低效对照品种,用于后续氮锌互作研究。(3)此外,氮水平的提高,促进了各水稻品种地上部各组织磷和锌的累积量;各水稻品种磷的分配比例,随氮水平的提高表现为,在分蘖期和抽穗期,根中磷分配比例逐渐降低,地上部磷的分配比例分别提高了2.9%-11.1%、3.4%-15%。在分蘖期和抽穗期,氮水平的提升,促进了根和新叶锌含量的提升,而降低了茎部锌含量,并促进锌从水稻根和茎向叶片分配。2.氮锌交互处理下,氮高低效品种生长、产量和养分变化的分析(1)以氮高低效品种两优培九、日本晴为材料,在不同氮梯度和不同锌梯度营养液培养下,研究两个水稻品种生长表型和养分含量的变化。主要结果如下:(1)不同氮梯度培养下,氮水平的提升会促进植株生长发育,但是过量的氮也会对植株生长产生抑制作用。氮水平的提升能够提高两个水稻品种各部位氮、磷、钾、锌的累积量,适宜的氮水平促进磷和钾从水稻根向地上部转移,促进锌从茎向新叶分配。(2)不同锌梯度培养下,锌水平的提升,促进了水稻生长发育,在高锌条件下,水稻会出现锌中毒抑制植株生长发育,且低效品种对高氮、高锌耐受性较弱。随着锌水平的提升,两个水稻品种根部氮含量增加,其他部位氮含量变化不一,适宜的锌水平能够提高氮在新叶中的分配比例;在一定范围内,锌水平的提升,降低了水稻各部位磷含量,促进钾含量的提升,磷钾在各品种各部位的分配变化不一。由此获得水稻较适宜的氮和锌水平,用于后续氮锌交互处理研究。(2)以氮高低效品种两优培九、日本晴为材料,通过营养液培养,在氮锌交互处理下,研究氮锌互作对水稻生长和养分的影响。在两个氮水平下,加锌显著提高两个品种株高和干重,并且在低氮条件下效果更为显著。两个氮水平下,加锌均能促进氮生理利用效率;正常氮水平下,加锌显著提高水稻根部氮含量和各组织部位氮的吸收累积,促进水稻体内氮向叶部转移。在两个锌水平下,提高氮的供应水平,均促进水稻的生长发育,提高叶对锌的分配与累积。同时,提高氮水平会促进植株对磷和钾的吸收累积,提高锌的用量会促进磷和钾在植株中的累积量。在高氮水平下,加锌显著增加各组织部位谷氨酰胺合成酶的活性,促进水稻氮的固定。(3)以氮高低效品种两优培九和日本晴为材料,通过大田小区试验,设置氮锌交互处理,分析水稻产量及构成因素和各组织部位养分含量。结果表明:氮肥和锌肥的施用均能促进水稻各部位干重、单株产量和理论产量均提升。增施锌肥后,两优培九在低、中、高氮(90 kg/hm2、180 kg/hm2、270 kg/hm2)条件下单株产量分别提高了22%、37%、10%;理论产量上,低氮时无显著性差异,中、高氮时分别提高了21%、13%。日本晴在中、高氮条件下单株产量分别提高了80%、35%;理论产量分别提高了63%、38%。并且两个水稻品种在低氮施锌与中氮不施锌条件下单株产量无显著差异,两个水稻品种中氮施锌条件下理论产量与在高氮不施锌下理论产量无显著性差异。因此,增施锌肥显著提高水稻产量,施锌肥能够在一定范围内替代氮肥的效果,为减施氮肥而不减产提供了可能。锌肥的施用能够促进各组织部位氮的累积量和地上部氮分配比例,品种间存在一定差异;在高氮条件下增施锌肥,可以促进水稻各部位氮含量的提升。在两个施锌水平下,增施氮肥对水稻各部位锌含量的提升有所差异,但是能够促进各部位锌的累积量,提高锌在老叶、新叶和叶鞘的分配比例。同时,氮水平的提高能够促进磷和钾含量和累积量;施锌降低日本晴各部位磷含量和磷累积量和低、中氮条件下两优培九的磷含量。
[Abstract]:Rice is the most important food crops in China, rice yield, plays a very important role in ensuring food security in China. Nitrogen fertilizer is one of the important ways to ensure the yield of rice, zinc has a significant effect on the yield and quality of rice, while zinc is also protecting people health can not be ignored trace elements. On the one hand to two hetarosis nine, 9311, GD1947954 and Nipponbare as research material, through the nutrient experiment set 3 nitrogen levels in the seedling stage, tillering stage, heading stage of growth phenotype and nutrient content, in order to study in different nitrogen concentration, the biomass and nutrient of rice varieties changes in the law, identification of high nitrogen efficiency cultivars; on the other hand the high nitrogen, inefficient rice varieties two Liangyoupei nine and Nipponbare as research material, nitrogen and zinc interaction processing, analysis of the growth phenotype, nutrient content and field production, in order to study Nitrogen and zinc interaction on rice growth, fruiting and physiological and biochemical effects. The main results are as follows: 1. under different nitrogen levels, the rice growth and nutrient variation and nitrogen use efficiency difference analysis of 5 rice varieties under 3 N levels of cultivation, seedling, tillering and heading stages of rice varieties the dry weight, plant height, root configuration, photosynthesis capacity, nutrient content. The main results are as follows: (1) with the nitrogen level, at tillering and heading stages of rice plant height, dry weight, SPAD value increased significantly, total root length, total root surface area, total root volume, average diameter decreased, photosynthetic rate increased; the varieties growth phenotype of the existence of significant differences, two hetarosis nine in each index was significantly higher than the other 4 rice varieties, Nipponbare lowest, as follows: two hetarosis nine GD194 = 9311 = 7954 Nipponbare (2) nitrogen. The absorption and utilization of different rice varieties, with the increase of the nitrogen, nitrogen content and accumulation increased significantly, two hetarosis nine nitrogen accumulation was significantly higher than that of other varieties, Nipponbare was significantly lower than the other varieties. The rice varieties in each growth period to improve the shoot and root nitrogen physiological use efficiency and nitrogen utilization index with nitrogen level reduced. Using two hetarosis nine nitrogen efficiency and nitrogen physiological utilization index was significantly higher than that of other varieties, Nipponbare. The lowest in tillering stage, 0.48 mmol/L N and 0.96mmol/L N, compared to the other nine varieties, two hetarosis N physiological use efficiency increased by 13%-37% and 24%-50% respectively, at the heading stage were increased 24%-80% and 44%-66%. conclude two hetarosis nine for nitrogen efficient varieties, Nipponbare and n-inefficient CK, for subsequent studies on the interaction between nitrogen and zinc (3). In addition, increasing nitrogen levels, promote the rice farming upper product The accumulation of phosphorus and zinc; phosphorus distribution ratio of different rice varieties, with increasing nitrogen levels, at tillering stage and heading stage, root phosphorus distribution ratio decreased gradually, the distribution proportion of phosphorus were increased by 2.9%-11.1% and 3.4%-15%. at tillering stage and heading stage, nitrogen level. To promote the new leaf root and zinc content increased, and reduced stem zinc content, and promoted the interactive processing of zinc from rice root and stem to leaf nitrogen and zinc.2. under high nitrogen efficiency cultivars growth, yield and nutrient analysis of variation (1) with high nitrogen efficiency cultivars two hetarosis nine, Nipponbare as the material, in different nitrogen gradient and different gradient of zinc nutrition training, changes of two rice varieties growth phenotype and nutrient content. The main results are as follows: (1) under different nitrogen gradient, nitrogen level will promote plant growth and development, but also the excess nitrogen on plant The plant growth inhibition. Nitrogen level can improve all parts of two rice varieties of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, zinc accumulation, nitrogen phosphorus and potassium in promoting transfer from root to shoot, promote the zinc distribution from stem to leaves. (2) different zinc gradient culture, zinc to enhance the level, promote the growth and development of rice in high zinc conditions, rice will appear zinc poisoning inhibition of plant growth and development, and inefficient varieties of high nitrogen, high zinc tolerance is weak. With the zinc level of two rice varieties, increase root nitrogen content, nitrogen content is not a part of other changes, suitable the level of zinc can improve the nitrogen distribution in new leaf proportion; in a certain range, the zinc level, reduce the phosphorus content in different parts of rice, promote the potassium content increased, phosphorus and potassium in the distribution of various parts of different varieties varied. Thus obtained nitrogen and zinc levels in rice is suitable For the follow-up, nitrogen and zinc interaction research. (2) with high nitrogen efficiency cultivars two Liangyoupei nine and Nipponbare as material, through nutrient solution culture, the interaction of nitrogen and zinc, effects of nitrogen and zinc interaction on rice growth and nutrition. In two levels of nitrogen, zinc significantly increased two the plant height and dry weight, and the effect under low nitrogen condition is more significant. Two levels of nitrogen, zinc could promote nitrogen physiological efficiency; the normal nitrogen level, plus zinc significantly increased root nitrogen content in rice and the tissue nitrogen accumulation, nitrogen transfer to promote rice leaf in two zinc level, increase the nitrogen supply level, promote the growth and development of rice, increase leaf on zinc distribution and accumulation. At the same time, improve the level of nitrogen can promote the absorption of phosphorus and potassium accumulation, increase the amount of zinc accumulation in promoting phosphorus and potassium in plants. High nitrogen level Under the addition of zinc increased significantly different tissues of glutamine synthetase activity, promote rice nitrogen fixation. (3) with high nitrogen efficiency cultivars two Liangyoupei nine and Nipponbare as material, through field experiment, nitrogen and zinc interaction, analysis of yield and yield components in rice and different tissues. The results showed that the nutrient content: nitrogen and zinc fertilizer could promote the all parts of rice dry weight, yield per plant and yield were improved. The theory of increasing application of zinc fertilizer, two hetarosis, nine in the low and high nitrogen (90 kg/hm2180 kg/hm2270 kg/hm2) single plant yield was increased by 22%, 37%, 10%; the theory of production low nitrogen, no significant difference in high nitrogen were increased by 21%, 13%. in Nipponbare, high nitrogen single plant yield were increased by 80%, 35%; the theoretical yield were increased by 63%, 38%. and two rice varieties in low nitrogen and zinc in zinc under no nitrogen No significant differences in the yield of two rice varieties, the yield of nitrogen and zinc theory conditions in high yield under no nitrogen theory of zinc had no significant difference. Therefore, increasing application of zinc fertilizer significantly increased rice yield, Zn fertilizer can replace nitrogen in a certain range, for the reduction of nitrogen fertilizer and production possible. Zinc fertilizer can promote the accumulation and the nitrogen distribution proportion of different tissues of nitrogen, there are some differences between the varieties; increasing application of zinc fertilizer in high nitrogen conditions, can promote the nitrogen content in different parts of rice. In the two levels of zinc fertilizer, increase fertilizer on zinc in various parts of rice vary, but can promote the accumulation of various parts of zinc, zinc increased in old leaves, the distribution proportion of new leaf and leaf sheath. At the same time, increasing nitrogen levels can promote the phosphorus and potassium content and accumulation; Zn decreased Nipponbare of each part of phosphorus content and Phosphorus accumulation and phosphorus content of two optimum culture nine under low and medium nitrogen conditions.

【学位授予单位】：华中农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S511

【参考文献】