烤烟与川明参、玄参轮（间）作效应研究

发布时间：2018-05-30 04:33

本文选题：烤烟 + 玄参　；参考：《西南大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：烟草(Nicotiana tabacum L.)和中药材作物川明参(Chuanminshen violaceum Sheh et Sha)、玄参(Scrophularia ningpoensis Hemsley)都是重要的经济作物,在我国西南地区广泛种植,所适宜的生态条件相近似,但三种作物都表现不同程度的自毒作用,忌连作,采用特定的“药烟”轮(间)作模式种植,或许可以避免各自连作造成的产质量降低等连作障碍现象,使药烟生产相得益彰。本文以烤烟和中草药作物玄参、川明参为对象,采用室内模拟试验研究了玄参、川明参的茎叶枯落物水浸提液对烤烟的种子萌发和烤烟幼苗生长的化感效应,采用田间试验研究了大田条件下烤烟轮作川明参、烤烟间作玄参种植模式下烤烟的生长、产量、产值、土壤养分,以及土壤水分、入渗性能,以期揭示烤烟与玄参、川明参轮(间)作的效应,为烟药轮(间)种植提供科学依据。主要结果如下:1.川明参水浸液对烤烟具有一定化感促进效应,从烤烟种子发芽实验看,川明参与烤烟轮作可能有益于烤烟。玄参水浸液对烤烟种子具有一定“低促高抑”的化感效应,按大田玄参亩产1500kg生物产量估算,即使茎叶完全还田,土壤中玄参茎叶仅达1%,即在本文水浸液低浓度(0.01 mg/L)左右,因此,玄参与烤烟大田轮(间/套)作也可能有益于烤烟;2.玄参、川明参的茎叶枯落物水浸液处理下的烤烟幼苗,与对照相比,玄参水浸液对烤烟幼苗地下和地上生长呈现低浓度促进高浓度抑制的双重浓度效应;川明参水浸液则对烤烟幼苗生长的影响不大,偏向促进作用。玄参、川明参水浸液浇灌下,可溶性蛋白质以及初始荧光F0、最大荧光Fm、可变荧光Fv、PSⅡ潜在活力Fv/F0、PSⅡ最大光化学效率Fv/Fm也表现出较好的适应性;3.川明参与烤烟轮作大田实验中,与冬闲-烟种植方式相比,三种有前茬的轮作模式(川明参-烟,豌豆-烟,蚕豆-烟)烟株生长更好,对照两种豆科植物前茬(豌豆-烟,蚕豆-烟)轮作的方式与川明参-烟轮作生长指标差异不显著;从经济效益指标看,三种有前茬的轮作方式的年化效益远高于冬闲-烟,其中,川明参-烟的年化效益最高,达到10065.6元/亩,分别是蚕豆-烟,豌豆-烟和冬闲-烟的2.1、2.4、4.0倍。因此,川明参与烟轮作是值得推广的。综合种植模式和生长期土壤养分变化来说,轮作两季应均衡施用氮肥和磷肥,避免烟季过量施用氮肥,且应偏向冬季施用磷肥;在烟季重施钾肥的条件下,冬季应避免再施钾肥;4.玄参与烤烟间作大田实验中,窄行间作由于受到遮荫的不利影响,产量和产值显著低于烟单作和宽行间作。计入间作玄参的产值后,单位面积年化产值和年化效益以烟单作和宽行间作为大,其次为玄参单作,而窄行间作年化产值和年化效益仅及烟单作的72.5%和74.4%。但是,与烤烟连作(前茬为烤烟,产值3623元/亩、效益2523元/亩)相比,烟单作(前茬玉米)、宽行间作、玄参单作、窄行间作年化产值分别要高出36.2%、17.3%、2.7%、-1.2%,而年化效益则分别高出52.0%、39.7%、33.6%、13.1%。烟单作与玄参单作,如果接下来采用烟药轮作,避免各自连作,有可能保持现有产值和收益,按两年平均计,年化产值和效益则分别比烤烟连作高19.5%和42.8%,因此,接下来可采用“年内烟药间作,年间就地轮作”的方式避免烤烟连作造成的减产。综合间作模式和烤烟生长期土壤养分变化看,烟单作模式氮、磷、钾肥年度基本达到平衡,施肥较合理;种植玄参氮磷肥宜早施,钾肥有所不足;5.四种种植模式(烤烟轮作川明参、烤烟间作玄参、单作烤烟、单作玄参)对土壤的自然含水率、非毛管孔隙度和总孔隙度有显著作用。单作玄参能显著提高土壤的自然含水率和毛管孔隙度,烤烟轮作川明参模式可以显著提升土壤非毛管孔隙度。烤烟轮作川明参、单作玄参、烤烟间作玄参模式能不同程度增加土壤的渗透水量和土壤入渗率,有助于土壤入渗水分;土壤累计入渗量用一元二次方程拟合较好,相关系数均在0.99以上,不同种植模式的入渗过程过程用Kostiakov模型拟合较好。6.玄参、川明参对烤烟种子萌发、幼苗生长和大田试验结果的综合分析可知,玄参和川明参对烤烟的生理生化指标无不良影响,且对土壤的理化性质有改善作用,玄参、川明参可作为药烟轮(间)的选择作物,该研究结果可指导农民利用中草药玄参、川明参与烤烟轮(间)作,有助于缓解烤烟的连作障碍。
[Abstract]:Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) and traditional Chinese medicinal plants, Sichuan Ming Shen (Chuanminshen violaceum Sheh et Sha), and Radix Ginseng (Scrophularia ningpoensis Hemsley) are important economic crops, widely cultivated in the southwest of China, and the suitable ecological conditions are similar, but the three crops all show different degrees of self toxicity and avoid continuous cropping. The fixed "drug smoke" wheel (between) as the mode of planting may avoid the continuous cropping obstacle caused by each continuous cropping, and make the production of the medicine tobacco produce each other. A field experiment was carried out to study the growth, yield, output value, soil nutrients, soil moisture and infiltration properties of Flue-cured Tobacco under field conditions under field conditions. The main results are as follows: 1. the water extract of Sichuan Ming ginseng has a certain allelopathic effect on flue-cured tobacco. From the experiment of flue-cured tobacco seed germination, Chuan Ming's participation in flue-cured tobacco rotation may be beneficial to flue-cured tobacco. Even if the stem and leaf were completely returned to the field, the stems and leaves of the soil were only 1%, that is, in the low concentration of water immersion (0.01 mg/L) in this paper. Therefore, the Rhizoctonia root and the flue-cured tobacco Datian (interplant) may also be beneficial to the flue-cured tobacco; 2. of the root and the leaves of the stem and leaves of the Rhizoctonia ginseng were treated with water extract. The upper growth showed a double concentration effect of low concentration and high concentration inhibition, while the water immersion of Sichuan ginseng had little effect on the growth of flue-cured tobacco seedlings, and it was biased to promote the growth. The soluble protein, the initial fluorescence F0, the maximum fluorescence Fm, the variable fluorescein Fv, the potential vitality Fv/F0 of PS II, the maximum photochemical efficiency of PS II, Fv /Fm also showed good adaptability; 3. in the field experiment in the field of flue-cured tobacco rotation in Sichuan Ming Dynasty, compared with the winter leisure tobacco planting method, three previous cropping patterns (Sichuan ginseng tobacco, pea smoke, Vicia bean smoke) grew better, and the growth indexes of two kinds of leguminous plants (PEA tobacco, Vicia bean and tobacco) were compared with those of Sichuan ginseng and tobacco rotation. In terms of economic benefit, the annual benefit of three kinds of crop rotation patterns with previous crop rotation is much higher than that of winter leisure. Among them, the annual benefit of Sichuan Ming ginseng tobacco is the highest, reaching 10065.6 yuan per mu, which is 2.1,2.4,4.0 times of Vicia bean tobacco, pea smoke and winter leisure. In the long term soil nutrient change, nitrogen fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer should be applied evenly in the two quarter of the rotation to avoid the excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer in the tobacco season and the application of phosphate fertilizer in winter. Under the condition of applying potash fertilizer in the tobacco season, the potassium fertilizer should be avoided in winter. In the field experiment between the 4. sage and the flue-cured tobacco, the narrow intercropping is affected by the shade, the yield and output value. The annual output value and annual benefit of the unit area were larger than the tobacco single cropping and the wide intercourse, followed by the single cropping, and the narrow intercropping output value and annual benefit were only 72.5% and 74.4%. of tobacco single cropping, but the continuous cropping with flue-cured tobacco (the previous crop was 3623 yuan / mu). Compared with 2523 yuan per mu, tobacco single cropping (previous corn), wide intercropping, single cropping of Radix sacyfis, and the annual production value of narrow intercropping are 36.2%, 17.3%, 2.7%, -1.2%, respectively, while annual benefits are higher than 52%, 39.7%, 33.6%, and 13.1%. tobacco single cropping and single cropping. According to the annual average, the annual output value and benefit were 19.5% and 42.8% higher than the continuous cropping of flue-cured tobacco. Therefore, the following can be used in the way of "Intercropping of tobacco in the year and in year rotation" to avoid the reduction of tobacco continuous cropping. In the comprehensive intercropping pattern and the change of soil nutrients during the growing period of flue-cured tobacco, the annual tobacco single cropping pattern nitrogen, phosphorus and potash fertilizer were basically reached. To balance, fertilization is more reasonable; planting Radix sage nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer early application, potassium fertilizer is inadequate; 5. four planting patterns (flue cured tobacco rotation of Sichuan Ming ginseng, flue-cured tobacco intercropping, single cropping tobacco, monocolus monocolus) have significant effect on soil natural water content, non capillary porosity and total porosity, and single cropping sash can significantly increase soil natural water content and hair. The model of flue-cured tobacco rotated Sichuan Ming ginseng can significantly improve the porosity of soil non capillary tube. The model of flue-cured tobacco rotation of Sichuan Ming ginseng, Single Cropping Cucumber and flue-cured tobacco can increase soil infiltration water and soil infiltration rate in different degrees, and help the soil infiltration water. The cumulative infiltration quantity of soil is fitted well with one yuan two times equation and correlation coefficient. The infiltration process of different planting patterns was more than 0.99. The Kostiakov model was used to fit the better.6.. The comprehensive analysis of the seed germination, the seedling growth and the field test results showed that the radix satidis and Radix Ginseng had no adverse effects on the physiological and biochemical indexes of the flue-cured tobacco, and the physical and chemical properties of the soil were improved. The results of this study can guide the farmers to use Chinese herbal Radix Ginseng and Chuan ming to take part in the cropping of flue-cured tobacco and help to alleviate the continuous cropping barriers of flue-cured tobacco.
【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S572;S567.53

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