金霉素和重金属对堆肥过程的影响及添加石灰效果研究

发布时间：2018-09-19 15:24

【摘要】：好氧堆肥是使畜禽粪便稳定化以及资源化非常有效的方式,但是猪粪中残留的抗生素以及重金属是制约畜禽粪便资源化无害化的主要因素。因此如何有效地去除残留的药物和重金属实研究的主要问题。本文以猪粪为原料,分别采用锯末和稻壳作为调理剂,利用好氧堆肥中试规模处理畜禽粪便。研究金霉素的存在对堆肥进程、微生物以及不同形态重金属的影响;研究了添加石灰对金霉素降解和重金属不同形态变化的影响;此外借助光谱学手段分析堆肥过程中溶解性有机物质的转化。最终依照我国肥料标准对堆肥产品进行评价,为堆肥产品安全农用提供依据。为了考察金霉素的存在对堆肥进程以及腐熟化的影响,共设计3组实验:1#为不添加金霉素的空白对照组(T1);2#中添加10 mg·kg-1金霉素(T2);3#中添加50 mg·kg-1金霉素(T3)。通过实验发现,金霉素存在对堆体的温度影响较大,结合堆肥过程中微生物酶活性的变化发现,金霉素的存在对微生物的过氧化氢酶、蛋白酶、脲酶、纤维素酶以及蔗糖酶的活性普遍存在抑制情况,使得高温期的最高温度受到影响。随着堆肥反应的进行,金霉素抑制性减弱微生物活性逐渐恢复,堆肥后期T3组温度维持在一个较高的水平。由于金霉素的存在抑制微生物活性,使其对后期微生物利用DOC、DON的速率较低;通过傅里叶红外光谱分析发现,堆肥处理使得碳水化合物以及脂肪族化合物的含量降低,而纤维素半纤维素的变化不大。利用EEM谱图可以清晰反应堆肥过程中溶解性有机物质的转化,利用FRI方法分析发现堆肥初期腐殖酸类物质以及富里酸类物质逐渐增加,最终表征蛋白类及微生物代谢产物的PI,n、PII,n和PIV,n显著降低。在添加石灰的情况下,探究了石灰的存在对堆肥进程的影响。通过实验发现石灰的添加有利于促进堆体温度的升高,同时对堆肥初始的pH可以起到很好的调节作用。石灰的存在对过氧化氢酶的活性影响不是十分明显,但有利于提高蛋白酶的活性,对脲酶和纤维素酶活性更有较为明显的促进作用。总的来说,石灰的存在对堆肥中微生物的酶活性起到一定程度的促进作用,有利于微生物的生命活动,从而加快堆肥进程。通过荧光光谱结合荧光区域积分方法分析发现添加了石灰的实验组,其PⅢ,n和PV,n比例较T1组更高。由此看出,石灰对有机质降解和加快腐熟化进程有一定的促进作用。为了研究堆肥工艺对金霉素的去除和重金属的钝化效果,对堆肥过程中金霉素和重金属的变化进行了分析。通过实验发现,堆肥过程可以有效的去除猪粪中残留的金霉素。第一批次中最终对照组没有检测出金霉素,T2组和T3组堆肥处理中金霉素降解率达到96.31%、97.32%。,仍检测到有少量的残余。为了探究石灰对金霉素降解和重金属钝化的作用,在第二批次中进行了添加石灰的对比。研究发现,石灰的添加有利于促进金霉素的降解,添加石灰的实验组半衰期更短。通过对堆肥过程中重金属形态变化的分析发现,金霉素的降解和堆肥过程中生物可利用态Cu和Zn的相互作用,两者之间呈现明显的正相关性。通过第二批次的实验发现石灰的添加有利于促进重金属Zn的固化,但是对重金属Cu的作用效果不是十分明显。石灰存在有利于加快金霉素降解,T2组半衰期更短。
[Abstract]:Aerobic composting is a very effective way to stabilize and recycle animal manure, but the antibiotics and heavy metals in pig manure are the main factors that restrict the harmless recycling of animal manure. The effects of chlortetracycline on composting process, microorganisms and heavy metals in different forms were studied. The effects of lime addition on the degradation of chlortetracycline and the changes of heavy metals in different forms were also studied. In order to investigate the effect of chlortetracycline on composting process and decomposition, three groups of experiments were designed: 1 # was the blank control group without chlortetracycline (T1), 2 # was added with 10 mg kg - 1 chlortetracycline (T2), and 3 # was added with chlortetracycline (T2). Chlortetracycline (T3) was added to the compost. The results showed that the presence of chlortetracycline had a great effect on the temperature of the compost. Combined with the changes of microbial enzyme activities during composting, it was found that the presence of chlortetracycline inhibited the activities of hydrogen peroxidase, protease, urease, cellulase and sucrase of microorganisms, which made the high temperature period the most important. With the composting reaction proceeding, the inhibitory activity of chlortetracycline decreased and the microbial activity gradually recovered, and the temperature of group T3 remained at a higher level in the later stage of composting. Fertilizer treatment reduced the content of carbohydrates and aliphatic compounds, but the change of cellulose hemicellulose was not significant. EEM spectra could clearly show the transformation of dissolved organic matter in the process of composting. FRI analysis showed that humic acids and fulvic acids increased gradually in the early stage of composting, and ultimately characterize eggs. The contents of PI, PII, PII, N and PIV, N of white and microbial metabolites decreased significantly. The effect of lime on composting process was studied with the addition of lime. It was found that the addition of lime could promote the temperature of compost and regulate the initial pH of compost. Hydrogenase activity is not very obvious, but is conducive to improving the activity of protease, urease and cellulase activity is more promotive. Generally speaking, the existence of lime on the compost of microbial enzyme activities play a certain role in promoting, conducive to microbial life activities, thus speeding up the composting process. The results showed that the proportion of P III, N, P V and N in the Lime-Added group was higher than that in the T1 group. It was found that lime could promote the degradation of organic matter and accelerate the process of decomposition. In the first batch, no aureomycin was detected in the final control group. The degradation rate of aureomycin in the T2 and T3 groups was 96.31% and 97.32%. A small amount of residual aureomycin was still detected. In order to explore the lime. The degradation of chlortetracycline and the passivation of heavy metals were compared in the second batch. It was found that the addition of lime could promote the degradation of chlortetracycline, and the half-life of the experimental group was shorter. Through the second batch of experiments, it was found that the addition of lime could promote the solidification of heavy metal Zn, but the effect on heavy metal Cu was not very obvious.
【学位授予单位】：哈尔滨工业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S141.4

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