花生种间杂种一代的染色体行为及遗传效应分析

发布时间：2018-10-18 09:13

【摘要】：花生(Arachis hypogaea L.,2n=4x=40,AABB)是世界上重要的油料作物。在长期人工选择及驯化过程中,花生栽培种遗传多样性降低,育种亲本遗传基础日趋狭窄,严重影响了育种效率。花生野生种遗传多样性丰富,通过花生栽培种与野生种远缘杂交,创制新的种质资源,丰富其遗传多样性,对花生的遗传改良具有重要意义。本研究首先利用SSR标记构建了20个花生品种(系)之间的聚类分析图,遗传相似系数在0.64~0.90之间,平均为0.77,其中Tifrunner与ST001的遗传相似系数最高为0.9,A.pusilla与ST001最低为0.6,揭示了野生种基因组与栽培种之间的亲缘关系,为种间杂交研究奠定了基础。然后,本研究分别以5个栽培品种花生(Tifrunner、白沙1016、豫花15号、白突131、四粒红)为母本、6个野生种(A.glabrata、A.chiquitana、A.maccdoi、A.duranensis、A.stenosperma、A.batizocoi;均为二倍体,2n=2x=20)为父本,配制了6个组合,通过胚拯救等手段获得了6个种间杂种F1,分别是:w1210、w1401、w1403、w1405、w1510、L。对种间杂种进行细胞学分析,结果显示6个种间杂种的F1染色体数目均为30,进一步利用分子标记分析,证明种间杂种染色质分别来自于其栽培种和野生种亲本。对减数分裂行为和花粉活力研究,发现6个种间杂种的减数分裂联会行为均不规律,而且F1高度不育。通过对白沙1016×A.maccdoi杂种F1减数分裂各时期染色体行为分析,揭示了杂种F1高度不育的原因可能是减数分裂I期中联会的不规律和I期后、II期末期的不均等分裂;此外,我们又对种间杂种F1进行了抗性、植物学性状调查分析。结果表明:w1212、w1401、w1403、w1405、L晚斑病抗性较栽培种亲本明显提高。以端粒重复序列、5S rDNA、45S rDNA、A.duranensis基因组DNA、A.stenosperma基因组DNA和A.ipa?nsis基因组DNA为探针对w1401及其亲本豫花15号和A.stenosperma进行顺序荧光原位杂交精细鉴定,结果表明w1401的30条染色体分别来自于豫花15号的A染色体组、B染色体组和野生种A.stenosperma,实现了w1401基因组染色体与供体染色体的核型对应,揭示了w1401是豫花15号和A.stenosperma的种间杂种F1,为以后的种间杂交后代鉴定提供了精准的细胞学方法。此外,本研究还通过显性、共显性标记筛选,分别获得了29个(w1210)、34个(w1401)、55个(w1403)、118个(w1405)、41个(w1510)和98个(L)显性标记,为今后进一步开发和鉴定栽培种与野生种染色体易位系和渐渗系奠定了基础。
[Abstract]:Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. 2 NV) is one of the most important oil crops in the world. During the long period of artificial selection and domestication, the genetic diversity of peanut cultivars decreased, and the genetic basis of breeding parents became narrower, which seriously affected the breeding efficiency. Peanut wild species are rich in genetic diversity. It is of great significance for peanut genetic improvement to create new germplasm resources and enrich its genetic diversity by hybridization between peanut cultivated species and wild species. In this study, a cluster analysis map of 20 peanut varieties (lines) was constructed by using SSR markers, and the genetic similarity coefficient was between 0.64 and 0.90. The average genetic similarity coefficient between Tifrunner and ST001 was 0.77. The highest genetic similarity coefficient between Tifrunner and ST001 was 0.9A. pusilla and ST001 was the lowest, which revealed the genetic relationship between wild species and cultivated species, which laid a foundation for the study of interspecific hybridization. Then, five cultivars of peanut (Tifrunner, Baisha 1016, Yuhua 15, Whiteflower 131, four red) were used as female parent, and 6 wild species (A. glabrataania A. chiquitana A. maccdoia A. duranensis A. batizocoi; all diploid, 2n=2x=20) were used as male parent, and 6 combinations were prepared. Six interspecific hybrids, F1, were obtained by embryo rescue, which were: w1210, w1401, w1403, W1405, W1510L. The results of cytological analysis of interspecific hybrids showed that the number of F1 chromosomes of 6 interspecific hybrids were all 30. The results of molecular marker analysis showed that the chromatin of interspecific hybrids came from their cultivated species and wild parents, respectively. The meiosis behavior and pollen vigor of 6 interspecific hybrids were studied. It was found that the meiotic joint behavior of 6 interspecific hybrids was irregular and F1 was highly sterile. By analyzing the chromosomal behavior of Baisha 1016 脳 A.maccdoi hybrids in meiosis stages, it is found that the reason of high sterility of F1 hybrids may be the irregular pattern of meiosis I and the unequal division after stage I of II. We also investigated and analyzed the resistance and botanical characters of interspecific F _ 1 hybrids. The results showed that the resistance to late spot disease of w121212, w1401and w1403w1405L was significantly higher than that of cultivar parents. Using telomere repeat sequence, 5S rDNA,45S rDNA,A.duranensis genomic DNA,A.stenosperma genomic DNA and A.ipa?nsis genomic DNA as probes, W1401 and its parent Yuhua 15 and A.stenosperma were identified by fluorescence in situ hybridization. The results showed that the 30 chromosomes of w1401 were from A chromosome group, B chromosome group and wild species A. stenosperma of Yuhua 15, respectively. It was revealed that w1401 was the interspecific hybrid F1 of Yuhua 15 and A.stenosperma, which provided a precise cytological method for the identification of future progeny of interspecific hybridization. In addition, 29 (w1210), 34 (w1401), 55 (w1403), 118 (w1405), 41 (w1510) and 98 (L) dominant markers were obtained by the screening of dominant and codominant markers. It lays a foundation for the further development and identification of chromosome translocation lines and infiltrating lines of cultivated and wild species.
【学位授予单位】：郑州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S565.2

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