耕层调控与增施有机肥对小麦耕层—冠层体系影响的研究
发布时间：2019-02-14 14:09
【摘要】：为寻找适当的耕作与培肥模式,改善耕层土壤结构及肥力水平,提高土壤供给力,并以耕层促进植株冠层生长,提高生产力,达到高产之目的特设本试验。试验在河南省许昌县陈曹乡史庄村长期定位耕作试验田进行,以百农207为材料,设置6个处理:深耕、浅耕、免耕、深耕+有机肥、浅耕+有机肥和免耕+有机肥,研究耕层调控与增施有机肥对土壤结构的改善、水肥分布的调节、根系生长的影响,并通过多元统计和通径分析研究耕层供给力对小麦植株生长状况的影响。主要结论如下:1.不同耕作与增施有机肥模式对土壤结构与含水量的影响差异显著。土壤容重以越冬期的深耕处理、拔节期的浅耕+有机肥处理、开花和成熟期的深耕+有机肥处理显著低于其它处理(P0.05)。除越冬期20-40cm土层和成熟期0-20cm土层外,越冬期至成熟期以深耕+有机肥处理土壤含水量显著高于其它处理(P0.05)。2.增施有机肥能够改善土壤肥力水平,提高各土层土壤的养分含量。0-20cm土层,越冬期至成熟期浅耕+有机肥处理土壤有机质含量显著高于其它处理(P0.05);20-40cm土层,越冬期至开花期的免耕+有机肥处理土壤有机质含量显著高于其它处理(P0.05)。免耕和免耕+有机肥处理有利于0-20cm土层土壤速效磷含量的积累,浅耕+有机肥有利于20-40cm和40-60cm土壤速效磷含量的积累。越冬期免耕+有机肥处理土壤脲酶活性显著高于其它处理(P0.05),拔节期至成熟期深耕+有机肥处理土壤脲酶活性最高;越冬期和成熟期浅耕+有机肥处理土壤蔗糖酶活性显著高于其它处理,拔节期和开花期深耕+有机肥处理显著高于其它处理(P0.05)。3.增施有机肥可促进小麦生长,提高冠层光合速率。浅耕+有机肥处理植株叶面积指数最高,与其它处理间差显著(P0.05)。施加有机肥处理下,叶片角度指数较小,叶片与主茎夹角由上至下逐渐增大,减少了叶片间的相互遮挡,叶片叶绿素含量和荧光参数高,可延缓叶片衰老,延长叶片光合时间,以浅耕+有机肥与深耕+有机肥处理效果最佳;小麦灌浆中后期的茎秆抗折力增强,倒伏指数降低,抗倒性提高,小麦茎秆抗倒性均以深耕+有机肥处理效果最好,浅耕+有机肥次之。4.增施有机肥能够提高小麦的穗长,增加每穗小麦的有效小穗数,提高穗粒重及小麦总产量,以浅耕+有机肥处理(STF)显著高于其它处理(P0.05)。5.增施有机肥能够提高植株地上冠层与地下根系的干物质积累量,提高植株氮素积累量和土壤全氮含量,提高花后各时期旗叶净光合速率及根系呼吸速率。浅耕+有机肥处理有利于茎秆及叶片的干物质积累,提高成熟期穗部的干物质积累量;根系干物质积累在开花期和成熟期0-20cm土层免耕+有机肥处理、20-40cm土层浅耕+有机肥处理和40-60cm土层深耕+有机肥处理显著高于其它处理(P0.05)。浅耕+有机肥处理下叶片和穗部氮素积累量显著高于其它处理(P0.05),0-20cm土层全氮含量最高;免耕+有机肥处理40-60cm土层土壤全氮含量显著高于其它处理(P0.05)。花后各时期深耕(有机肥)处理的旗叶净光合速率高,根系呼吸速率低,碳分配给植株的比例高于根系,根效率最高。6.不同耕作与有机肥处理下,土壤容重与孔隙度差异显著,相关分析表明土壤养分、酶活性和根系生物量与土壤容重和孔隙度之间存在显著相关关系(P0.05);多元回归分析和通径分析发现,土壤脲酶活性和根系干物质积累量有利于株高的生长,一定范围的土壤含水量和容重能够促进叶片的生长,提高叶面积指数,提高土壤含水量能够影响叶片角度指数,提高冠层不同层次的受光率,旗叶净光合速率受脲酶活性的影响最大,脲酶活性和根系干物质积累量提高促使叶片叶绿素荧光参数的提高。
[Abstract]:In order to find the appropriate cultivation and fertilizer pattern, improve the soil structure and fertility level of the plowing layer, improve the soil supply force, and promote the growth of the plant crown layer with the plowing layer, improve the productivity and achieve the purpose of high yield. The test is carried out in the long-term location and cultivation test field of the Shizhuangcun Village, Xuchang County, Xuchang County, Henan Province, and is provided with six treatments: deep-tillage, shallow-tillage, no-tillage, deep-tillage + organic fertilizer, shallow-tillage + organic fertilizer and no-tillage + organic fertilizer. The effects of the control of the plowing layer and the application of the organic fertilizer on the soil structure, the adjustment of the distribution of water and fertilizer and the growth of the root system were studied. The main conclusions are as follows: 1. The effect of different tillage and fertilizer application on soil structure and water content was significant. The soil bulk density was treated by the deep-tillage in the overwintering period, the shallow-tillage + organic fertilizer treatment during the jointing stage, and the deep-tillage + organic fertilizer treatment in the flowering and mature period was significantly lower than that of other treatments (P0.05). In addition to the overwintering period of 20-40cm and the maturity of 0-20cm, the water content of the soil with deep-tillage + organic fertilizer was significantly higher than that of other treatments (P0.05). the soil fertility can be improved by the application of the organic fertilizer, the nutrient content of the soil in each soil layer is increased, the soil organic matter content in the soil layer of 0-20cm, the overwintering period and the mature period is obviously higher than that of other treatment (P0.05), and the soil layer is 20-40cm, The content of organic matter in the treated soil of no-tillage + organic fertilizer during the overwintering period to the flowering stage was significantly higher than that of other treatments (P0.05). The no-tillage and no-tillage + organic fertilizer treatment is favorable for the accumulation of the quick-acting phosphorus content of the soil in the 0-20cm soil layer, and the shallow-tillage + organic fertilizer is favorable for the accumulation of the quick-acting phosphorus content of the soil in the range of 20-40cm and the soil of 40-60cm. In the overwintering period, no-tillage + organic fertilizer was used to treat the soil enzyme activity significantly higher than that of other treatments (P0.05), and the activity of the soil was the highest during the period of jointing stage to the mature stage of the deep-tillage + organic fertilizer, and the activity of the sucrose in the soil in the overwintering period and the mature period was significantly higher than that of other treatments. The treatment of the deep-tillage + organic fertilizer at the jointing stage and the flowering stage was significantly higher than that of other treatments (P0.05). the application of the organic fertilizer can promote the growth of the wheat and improve the photosynthetic rate of the crown layer. The leaf area index of the plants treated with the shallow-tillage + organic fertilizer was the highest, and the difference with other treatments was significant (P0.05). under the treatment of the organic fertilizer, the angle index of the leaves is small, the included angle of the blades and the main stem is gradually increased from top to bottom, the mutual blocking between the blades is reduced, the content of the chlorophyll and the fluorescence parameters of the leaves are high, the senescence of the leaves can be delayed, the photosynthetic time of the leaves can be prolonged, The effect of shallow-tillage + organic fertilizer and deep-tillage + organic fertilizer is the best. The anti-folding force of the stem in the middle and late stage of the wheat is enhanced, the lodging index is decreased, the resistance to reverse is improved, and the resistance of the wheat stem is better than that of the deep-tillage + organic fertilizer, and the shallow-tillage + organic fertilizer is the second. the application of the organic fertilizer can improve the ear length of the wheat, increase the effective small ear number of each ear of the wheat, increase the grain weight of the ear and the total yield of the wheat, and the shallow-tillage + organic fertilizer treatment (STF) is obviously higher than the other treatment (P0.05). the amount of dry matter accumulation of the upper crown layer and the underground root system of the plant can be improved, the nitrogen accumulation amount of the plant and the total nitrogen content of the soil can be improved, and the net photosynthetic rate and the root respiration rate of the flag leaf in each period after the flowers are increased. the shallow-tillage + organic fertilizer treatment is beneficial to the dry matter accumulation of the stem and the leaves, and the dry matter accumulation amount of the ear part of the mature period is improved; the dry matter of the root system is accumulated in the no-tillage + organic fertilizer treatment of the soil layer of 0-20cm in the flowering stage and the mature period, The treatment of the shallow-tillage + organic fertilizer in the 20-40cm soil layer and the deep-tillage + organic fertilizer treatment of the 40-60cm soil layer were significantly higher than that of other treatments (P0.05). The total nitrogen content of the leaves and ears was higher than that of other treatments (P0.05). The total nitrogen content in the soil with no-tillage + organic fertilizer for 40-60cm was significantly higher than that of other treatments (P0.05). The net photosynthetic rate of the flag leaves treated by the deep-tillage (organic fertilizer) in the post-flowering period is high, the respiration rate of the root system is low, the proportion of the carbon to the plants is higher than that of the root system, and the root efficiency is the highest. The results showed that there was a significant correlation between soil nutrient, enzyme activity and root biomass and soil bulk density and porosity (P0.05). the soil water content and the bulk density can promote the growth of the blade, improve the leaf area index, improve the water content of the soil and influence the blade angle index and improve the light-receiving rate at different levels of the crown layer, The net photosynthetic rate of the flag leaves is affected by the activity of the enzyme, and the activity of the enzyme and the amount of dry matter in the root system increase the fluorescence parameters of the leaves of the leaves.
【学位授予单位】：河南师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S512.1
本文编号：2422272
[Abstract]:In order to find the appropriate cultivation and fertilizer pattern, improve the soil structure and fertility level of the plowing layer, improve the soil supply force, and promote the growth of the plant crown layer with the plowing layer, improve the productivity and achieve the purpose of high yield. The test is carried out in the long-term location and cultivation test field of the Shizhuangcun Village, Xuchang County, Xuchang County, Henan Province, and is provided with six treatments: deep-tillage, shallow-tillage, no-tillage, deep-tillage + organic fertilizer, shallow-tillage + organic fertilizer and no-tillage + organic fertilizer. The effects of the control of the plowing layer and the application of the organic fertilizer on the soil structure, the adjustment of the distribution of water and fertilizer and the growth of the root system were studied. The main conclusions are as follows: 1. The effect of different tillage and fertilizer application on soil structure and water content was significant. The soil bulk density was treated by the deep-tillage in the overwintering period, the shallow-tillage + organic fertilizer treatment during the jointing stage, and the deep-tillage + organic fertilizer treatment in the flowering and mature period was significantly lower than that of other treatments (P0.05). In addition to the overwintering period of 20-40cm and the maturity of 0-20cm, the water content of the soil with deep-tillage + organic fertilizer was significantly higher than that of other treatments (P0.05). the soil fertility can be improved by the application of the organic fertilizer, the nutrient content of the soil in each soil layer is increased, the soil organic matter content in the soil layer of 0-20cm, the overwintering period and the mature period is obviously higher than that of other treatment (P0.05), and the soil layer is 20-40cm, The content of organic matter in the treated soil of no-tillage + organic fertilizer during the overwintering period to the flowering stage was significantly higher than that of other treatments (P0.05). The no-tillage and no-tillage + organic fertilizer treatment is favorable for the accumulation of the quick-acting phosphorus content of the soil in the 0-20cm soil layer, and the shallow-tillage + organic fertilizer is favorable for the accumulation of the quick-acting phosphorus content of the soil in the range of 20-40cm and the soil of 40-60cm. In the overwintering period, no-tillage + organic fertilizer was used to treat the soil enzyme activity significantly higher than that of other treatments (P0.05), and the activity of the soil was the highest during the period of jointing stage to the mature stage of the deep-tillage + organic fertilizer, and the activity of the sucrose in the soil in the overwintering period and the mature period was significantly higher than that of other treatments. The treatment of the deep-tillage + organic fertilizer at the jointing stage and the flowering stage was significantly higher than that of other treatments (P0.05). the application of the organic fertilizer can promote the growth of the wheat and improve the photosynthetic rate of the crown layer. The leaf area index of the plants treated with the shallow-tillage + organic fertilizer was the highest, and the difference with other treatments was significant (P0.05). under the treatment of the organic fertilizer, the angle index of the leaves is small, the included angle of the blades and the main stem is gradually increased from top to bottom, the mutual blocking between the blades is reduced, the content of the chlorophyll and the fluorescence parameters of the leaves are high, the senescence of the leaves can be delayed, the photosynthetic time of the leaves can be prolonged, The effect of shallow-tillage + organic fertilizer and deep-tillage + organic fertilizer is the best. The anti-folding force of the stem in the middle and late stage of the wheat is enhanced, the lodging index is decreased, the resistance to reverse is improved, and the resistance of the wheat stem is better than that of the deep-tillage + organic fertilizer, and the shallow-tillage + organic fertilizer is the second. the application of the organic fertilizer can improve the ear length of the wheat, increase the effective small ear number of each ear of the wheat, increase the grain weight of the ear and the total yield of the wheat, and the shallow-tillage + organic fertilizer treatment (STF) is obviously higher than the other treatment (P0.05). the amount of dry matter accumulation of the upper crown layer and the underground root system of the plant can be improved, the nitrogen accumulation amount of the plant and the total nitrogen content of the soil can be improved, and the net photosynthetic rate and the root respiration rate of the flag leaf in each period after the flowers are increased. the shallow-tillage + organic fertilizer treatment is beneficial to the dry matter accumulation of the stem and the leaves, and the dry matter accumulation amount of the ear part of the mature period is improved; the dry matter of the root system is accumulated in the no-tillage + organic fertilizer treatment of the soil layer of 0-20cm in the flowering stage and the mature period, The treatment of the shallow-tillage + organic fertilizer in the 20-40cm soil layer and the deep-tillage + organic fertilizer treatment of the 40-60cm soil layer were significantly higher than that of other treatments (P0.05). The total nitrogen content of the leaves and ears was higher than that of other treatments (P0.05). The total nitrogen content in the soil with no-tillage + organic fertilizer for 40-60cm was significantly higher than that of other treatments (P0.05). The net photosynthetic rate of the flag leaves treated by the deep-tillage (organic fertilizer) in the post-flowering period is high, the respiration rate of the root system is low, the proportion of the carbon to the plants is higher than that of the root system, and the root efficiency is the highest. The results showed that there was a significant correlation between soil nutrient, enzyme activity and root biomass and soil bulk density and porosity (P0.05). the soil water content and the bulk density can promote the growth of the blade, improve the leaf area index, improve the water content of the soil and influence the blade angle index and improve the light-receiving rate at different levels of the crown layer, The net photosynthetic rate of the flag leaves is affected by the activity of the enzyme, and the activity of the enzyme and the amount of dry matter in the root system increase the fluorescence parameters of the leaves of the leaves.
【学位授予单位】：河南师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S512.1
【相似文献】
相关硕士学位论文 前3条
1 张艳艳;耕层调控与增施有机肥对小麦耕层—冠层体系影响的研究[D];河南师范大学;2017年
2 陈沛海;利用废革屑制备富铬有机肥及其对植物生长的影响[D];烟台大学;2017年
3 张晓文;荒漠植物专用有机肥在梭梭育苗和沙漠移栽中的应用效果研究[D];兰州大学;2017年
，本文编号：2422272
本文链接：https://www.wllwen.com/shoufeilunwen/zaizhiyanjiusheng/2422272.html
