汉日动物词之国俗语义对比研究

发布时间：2018-03-13 23:18

本文选题：汉日动物词　切入点：国俗语义　出处：《上海外国语大学》2012年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：一、动物词作为民族词汇系统的一个重要组成部分,蕴含着丰富的国俗语义,是认识一个民族文化史、社会史和精神世界的重要途径。世界上较为发达的语言各自都有着极为丰富的动物词,汉日语言中存在大量的动物词。汉语动物词包括基本动物词、复合衍生动物词和以基本动物词为中心语素构成的相关词语三类。因为汉民族的正统本位思想观念的影响,源自汉民族本土的动物词构词能力较强,而源自外族的动物词构词能力较弱。日语中的动物词包括四个组成部分：和语词,汉语词,外来语词。混合语词。其中汉字词是借用了汉字、汉词创造的,具有鲜明的日本民族的色彩,是本论文对比研究的主要对象。二、词语的理据是词汇系统生命的基因。而词的理据研究是从发生学角度来探求词源意义的所在,找出事物和现象获得称说的依据。 1、汉日语动物词有相似的构词理据,包括功用理据、相似理据、象征理据。也有基于各自民族语言的相异理据,尤其是日本民族因信奉多神教,因此会有基于风俗信仰的构词理据。 2、有些动物词是因其在人类社会中的使用功能而构成的,因此了解此类动物词的命名理据,能有效的帮助我们考察不同社会的人类活动及其文化遗迹。 3、动物的生理、习性、形状、动作等方面和人类社会的事物、现象之间存在某种相似之处,在动物词的形成过程中,以及动物词的语义延伸中,相似理据是人类认知和思维的真实反映,可以看出一个民族的思维方式。 4、象征词语的表义方式主要通过借物喻义或借声(语音)取义来表示象征意义,这种象征意义又总是和民族传统的文化思想相契合,因此动物词中象征词语的象征意义就被赋予了深厚的文化含义。因此,象征意义也可以说是富有文化信息的联想意义。三、动物词语作为“文化词语”的一个重要构成部分,隐含着重要的民族文化信息,是文化的载体和镜像。 1、汉日民族都有图腾崇拜,但汉民族图腾崇拜较为单一,以“龙、凤、麒麟和龟”为中心；而日本民族因信仰万物有灵,因此幻想出诸多关系与形象,从而构成丰富的动物词和用法。 2、不同民族的思维有共同性的一面,也有特殊性的一面。汉日语的动物词大多是借具象来传达人的主规意志,以形写意,赋予具象以人的灵性。但汉语中对自然界动物的褒贬来自于汉民族思维的辩证性,而日语中则更多的来自于投射心理。 3、汉民族的文化属于大陆文化,是靠建立在封建宗法社会基础上的伦理道德来维系社会秩序的,并高度重视伦理道德的教育。他们不仅将社会伦理化,而且还将自然伦理化。这样,用来约束人类的“孝、悌、忠、信、礼、义、廉、耻”等伦理观念便被移植到了动物界。而日本则属于海洋岛国文化,海洋是日本同其他国家交流的重要通道,因此在语言表达上他们所联想的多半是与海洋动物有关的事情。四、汉日动物词的关联体系包括四个方面： 1、中日两国是一衣带水的近邻,因此一些动物词在两个民族的语言中,呈现出共通的国俗语义特征。 2、由于两民族所处的地理环境、生活习惯、历史条件、宗教信仰等差异,在表达近似意义的时候,中日两国语言往往会借用不同的动物形象,因此,两国人民在对同一事物的表达上,所使用的熟语就不相同。 3、在语言长期的发展历程中,两个民族逐渐形成了对各种飞禽走兽的好恶、褒贬的固有思维模式,有时,同一种动物在中日两国语言中的联想意义完全不同。 4、两国人民对于客观事物的认识既有共同之处,又有不同之处,于是便出现了汉日动物词中有一些词部分意义相似,而部分意义无法对应的情况。五、动物词国俗语义的产生和理解是与认知模式和文化模式分不开的。中日两国动物词在语义延伸运用上有相同的一面,这是因为人类各民族祖先的认知和思维方式有其共性和普遍性,人类具有相同的身体构造和感知器官,面对相同的物质世界,具备相同的感知、认知能力,也就容易获得相似的概念结构。六、在汉日动物词对比中发现的文化和认知心理动因,对于翻译、第二语言教学和跨文化交际都有着十分重要的作用。 1、翻译具有文化内涵的动物词,难就难在源语和译语存在着国俗语义的错位或缺失。目前衡量翻译作品质量高低的一个重要标准就是译作是否真实有效地传递了原文的文化信息和意象,是否让读者在读译作的时候体味并了解到了源语的文化内涵,所以我们应尽可能多的了解动物词的国俗语义,采取直译加注、直译加解释以及意译的方法来翻译。 2、对外汉语教学作为一门应用语言学,承载着文化内涵。语言中的国俗语义对学生来说,和语音、语法、词汇一样,也是一种知识,只不过是一种从形式到内容都不一样的知识罢了。因此,在对日汉语教学中就需要通过进行对比研究,揭示直接影响交际、引起误解甚至冲突的那些包孕在动物词国俗语义中的文化因素,这样就既节省了时间,又切实可行,便于操作。 3、汉日动物词的国俗语义往往带有特定的文化信息,且这种信息常常是内隐的,当同一动物词在两种文化中具有不同含义时,在跨文化交际中就可能造成冲突。我们可以通过了解汉日两种语言的动物词及其国俗语义,并且通过对国俗语义的理据解读,详细地了解两种文化的差异,了解得越深刻,交际越是成功。
[Abstract]:A, animal words as an important part of the national vocabulary system, contains rich national cultural meanings, is a history of national culture, an important way of social history and the spiritual world. The world's most developed language have their own abundant animal words, there are a lot of animal words in Chinese and Japanese in the language.
Chinese animal words include basic animal words, animal words and compound derivative Related words formed with basic animal words as the center of morphemes three categories. Because of the influence of the Han nationality orthodox standard ideas, from the Han nationality native animal word formation ability is strong, but from the foreign word formation ability weak dynamic.
Animal words in Japanese language consist of four components: words, words, Loanwords and mixed words. Chinese characters are borrowed from Chinese characters and Chinese words, and have distinctive Japanese colors. This is the main object of comparative research in this paper.
Two, the motivation is the life gene of vocabulary system. And the motivation of words is studied from genealogical perspective to explore the etymological meaning of things and phenomena that have found the basis.
1, Chinese and Japanese animal words have similar motivations, including the function of motivation, similar motivations, symbolic motivations. There are different based on their respective national language motivation, especially for the Japanese nation polytheistic, so there will be custom and belief formation based on motivation.
2, some animal words are made up of their use functions in human society. Therefore, understanding the naming motivations of such animal words can help us to investigate human activities and cultural relics in different societies.
3, animal physiology, behavior, shape, movement and human world, there is a similar phenomenon, in the process of forming animal words, animal words and semantic extension, similar motivation is a true reflection of human cognition and thought, we can see that the way of thinking of a nation.
4, the meaning of symbolic words mainly by way of borrowing meaning or by sound (voice) meaning to represent symbolic meaning, the symbolic meaning of Chinese traditional culture and always thought fit, so the symbolic words of animal words in symbolic meaning endowed with profound cultural meaning. Therefore, the symbolic meaning is can be said to be rich associative meaning of cultural information.
Three, as an important part of "cultural words", animal words imply important national cultural information, which are the carrier and mirror of culture.
1, the Han and Japanese peoples have totem worship. However, the totem worship of Han nationality is relatively simple, centered on "dragon, Phoenix, unicorn and Tortoise", and the Japanese nation, because of its belief in all things, is imaginary.
2, the thinking of different nations have common side, also has a special nature. Chinese and Japanese animal words are borrowed to convey the main concrete rules will give concrete in style, the human spirit. But the dialectic of nature in Chinese or animal from the thinking of the Han nationality but, in Japanese is more from the projection.
3, the Han Chinese culture belongs to the mainland culture, is to rely on Ethics Establishment in the feudal patriarchal society on the basis of the social order, and attaches great importance to moral education. They will not only social ethics, but also the natural ethics. So, to restrict human "filial piety, fraternal love, loyalty, faith, propriety, righteousness, honesty, shame" and other ethical concepts will be transplanted to the animal kingdom. While Japan belongs to ocean island culture, the ocean is an important channel of Japanese exchanges with other countries, so they have Lenovo in language expression is mostly related to marine animal matter.
Four, the association system of Chinese and Japanese animal words includes four aspects:
1, Japan is a narrow strip of water neighbors, so some animal words in two languages, showing the characteristics of NCC in common.
2, the two national geographical environment, living habits, historical conditions, religious differences in the expression of approximation, two languages tend to use different animal images, therefore, the two peoples in the expression of the same thing, the use of idioms is not the same.
3, in the language of long - term development, the two nation gradually formed a variety of birds and animals of likes and dislikes, the inherent mode of thinking, or sometimes, meaning the same animal in both languages are totally different.
4, there are similarities and differences between two peoples' understanding of objective things. So there are some words in Chinese and Japanese animal words with similar meanings, but some of them can not correspond to each other.
Five, to produce and understand the meaning of animal words is inseparable from cognitive and cultural models. Two animal words in the semantic extension of the use of the same side, this is because the ancestors of all ethnic groups of human cognition and mode of thinking has its generality and universality, with human body structure and organs the same, in the same world, with the same perception, cognitive ability, it is easy to obtain similar conceptual structures.
Six, the cultural and cognitive psychological motivation found in the comparison of Chinese and Japanese animal words has a very important role in translation, second language teaching and intercultural communication.
1, has the cultural connotation of animal words in translation, the difficulty in the source language and the target language are dislocation or lack of NCC. An important measure of the quality of the current standard translation is whether the translation truly and effectively convey the cultural information of the original text and images, whether to let the reader appreciate when reading. And to understand the culture of source language, so we should as much as possible to understand cultural meaning of animal words, adopt literal translation with annotation, literal translation plus explanation and translation methods to translation.
2, foreign language teaching as an applied linguistics, carrying the cultural connotation. The NCC in the language of the students, and pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary, but also a kind of knowledge, is only a form and content are not the same. Knowledge. Therefore, in the Chinese language teaching in through the comparative study, reveal the direct impact on communication, misunderstanding and even conflict with those involved in animal words in the meaning of cultural factors, such as saving time, and feasible and easy to operate.
3, the NCC in Japanese and Chinese animal words often contain specific cultural information, and this information is often implicit, when the same animal words have different meanings in the two cultures, in cross-cultural communication may cause conflict. We can understand the semantics of animal words and cultural of Chinese and Japanese two languages, and based on the national cultural semantic motivations of interpretation, a detailed understanding of the two kinds of cultural differences, more profound, more communication is successful.

【学位授予单位】：上海外国语大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：H36;H136.1

【引证文献】