汉日话题比较研究

发布时间：2018-11-08 18:33

【摘要】： 本论文利用功能语言学、语言类型学、比较语言学的相关理论对中日两种语言在话题这一语法范畴进行了比较研究,从两种语言的话题化手段、各种句子成分成为话题的特点、一些典型话题句式的中日对比、互译等方面进行了考察,试图探询其中的异同和成因以及语法特点的相关性。汉语是一种语用优先的非形态语言,在语序、物化标记、语音三种常用的话题化手段中,指出语序、物化标记、语音三种话题化手段在中日两种语言中所占的比重各有不同,汉语主要使用语序手段,辅助以物化标记、语音等显性手段,是一种话题暗示型语言。日语是一种形态变化丰富的语言,动词变化达十余种,还有种类多样的黏着性助动词和助词,很多成分的语义格根据这些助词就一目了然,而且也由于它的SOV语序,日语容易发展出话题的物化标记,即日语是话题明示性语言。日语中多使用物化标记的话题化手段,话题标记对其他格成分标记或者取代或者在其后连用,也就是说话题和其他格成分是并存的,一个话题化的句法成分常常可以身兼二职,话题的同时又是其他语义格。汉语中的很多话题和原句子结构的动词不再发生直接的语法关系,而日语中即使话题化后仍然有许多语法标记标示它在句中的格身份。日语中物化标记的明示性使话题有时不必位于句首,但不位于句首不可避免的消弱了它的话题性,因而会含有对比、焦点等其他语用含义。而且,各种话题化手段的话题性在中日两种语言中都有强弱之分,当是施事话题时,话题和主语重合,话题的语法特征抑制了主语特征的外化,也不可避免的具有了一定的主语性。中日两种语言都有多种话题化手段连用而使话题性增强的倾向。在做中日话题句互译时既要注意中日话题的共同点,也要考虑到话题句的特殊性,要注意结合具体语境和非语言因素,进行适当地调整,既要准确地传达原文的各种语义,也要使译文更符合目的语的表达习惯。话题是语用层面的概念,它可以使句子的格成分等发生一定的语法操作而带上话题特征。
[Abstract]:Based on the theories of functional linguistics, linguistic typology and comparative linguistics, this thesis makes a comparative study of the grammatical category of topic between Chinese and Japanese languages. In order to find out the similarities and differences, the causes and the correlation of grammatical features, some typical topic sentences are compared and translated between China and Japan. Chinese is a pragmatic priority non-morphological language. In the three commonly used topicalization means, word order, materialized marker and phonetic means, the proportion of word order, materialized marker and phonetic means in Chinese and Japanese is different. Chinese mainly uses word order means, assisted by physical and chemical markers, phonetic and other dominant means, is a topic implied language. Japanese is a language with a variety of morphologies, more than a dozen verbs, and a variety of adhesive auxiliary verbs and auxiliary words. The semantic case of many components can be easily understood from these auxiliary words, and also because of its SOV word order. Japanese is easy to develop the materialized mark of topic, that is, Japanese is the explicit language of topic. In Japanese, a topicalization method that often uses materialized markers. Topic markers mark or replace or combine with other case elements. That is to say, topics coexist with other case elements, and a topic-oriented syntactic component can often be used in both positions. The topic is at the same time other semantic lattice. Many topics in Chinese and verbs in the original sentence structure no longer have a direct grammatical relationship, while in Japanese there are still many grammatical markers indicating their case status in the sentence even after the topic has been discussed. The ostensibility of materialized markers in Japanese makes it unnecessary for the topic to be at the beginning of the sentence, but not at the beginning of the sentence, which inevitably weakens its topicality and thus contains other pragmatic meanings, such as contrast, focus and so on. Moreover, the topicality of various means of topicalization is strong and weak in both Chinese and Japanese languages. When the topic is a subject, the topic and subject overlap, and the grammatical features of the topic inhibit the externalization of the subject feature. It is inevitable to have a certain subject. Both Chinese and Japanese have a tendency to use a variety of topicalization methods to enhance the topic. In translating Chinese and Japanese topic sentences, we should not only pay attention to the common points of Chinese and Japanese topics, but also take into account the particularity of topic sentences. We should pay attention to combining specific context and non-linguistic factors to make appropriate adjustments so as to convey all kinds of semantics of the original text accurately. We should also make the translation more in line with the target language. Topic is a concept of pragmatic level, which can make the case elements of sentence take place certain grammatical operation and bring the topic characteristic.
【学位授予单位】：河南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：H36

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