social study paper：城市群体隔离问题研究

在有些地方，隔离主要与种族群体有关，在另外一些地方则与种族或宗教有关，还有一些地方的隔离与收入和地位有关。在美国和欧洲，隔离的出现主要是因为人种、民族和宗教，另一方面，在发展中国家，隔离主要和社会经济方面相关。当然在欧洲和美国，被隔离开来的人一般存在社会经济地位地下的群体当中。

正如姆斯特德所说那样，欧洲在不同地区各自为政，福利体制、经济体和历史都各不相同。欧洲内部有极大的差异性。对此出现了各种各样的解释，从福利体制的影响，到不同城市的历史背景差异，再到文化领域。但是在本文当中，将公共艺术作为公共空间的城市设计工具，是解决这些问题比较普通的方法，，这些问题主要是由隔离引起的，包括贫穷、不公平，分离，两极分化，罪行等等，提议全体公民应当融合到一起，去建立集体意识和共同的安全感。

问题背景——Background of the Problem

隔离是全世界所有大城市的共有特征。

In some places the segregation is associated primarily with racial groups, in other places, ethnicity or religion, while in still other places, income and status(Greenstein, Rosalind; Sabatini, Francisco and Smolka, Martim, 2000). In Us and Europe, mostly it occours as ethnic and racial and religious, on the other hand, in developping countries it is related with socio-economic issues. Also in Europe and Us, the segerated people exist in socio-ecominically disadvantages groups.

As Musterd states that Europe is highly fragmented in different states, with different welfare regimes, different economies, and different histories. There are big differences within Europe. Various explanations were suggested varying from the impact of the welfare state, via the specific historical paths that have been followed in different cities, to differences in the cultural realm (2005). But in this paper, using public art as a urban design tool in public spaces is seemed a common tool to solve the problems which are formed by segregation such as, poverty, inequality in urban life, seperation, polarization, crime and etc. is suggested for integration of segregated citizens and for all citizens to build a collective consciousness and common solaridity.

问题背景——Background of the Problem

Segregation is a feature of metropolises from all over the world. The dynamics of producing social and spatial segregation are discussed in terms of the urban poor and disadvantage sub-classes. Jürgen suggested a model, which has three layer, for explaining the process of social segregation. Macro level, micro level ,and another level (contex-effect) which correlate between two level (1998). Main thesis for macro level is that there is a print which consist of social inequality and segregation in residential area. For micro level, it is a personal level, it can describe with income, life style, ethnicity and religion. The relation between micro and macro level, contex-effect is discribed that the cities serves big opportunity to people, such as in business and residential areas. He stated that with the deindustrialization, while the jobs require high qualifications with high-wage and low-wage unskilled job are increasing, qualifield jobs are revealed, and opportunities are unequally disributed in residential areas. As we consider Hamlet thesis that there is a close relationship between segregation and walfare state policies (1998), it can be said that levels and effects of segrgation are changed between the countries.

We collect it in under two part, ethnicity and religous, income and status.

Statemant of the Problem

In Europe, segregation and integration have received ample attention in recent years. The literature on segregation has point out that the roots of segregation, racial, ethnic, religion, income status are relevant with eachother, and they include socio-economic components.

Segregation shows it self in cities as clustering, in other word it takes a form of spatial segregation.It creates isolated areas from the other population in cities. The big problems that is "What are the consequences? Does spatial segregation reproduce inequality and separation? (Sako Musterd, 2005)."

"American Aparheid" argues that segregation has created ghettos; it increases the problems of social and economic isolation from the rest of society by limiting the educational and employment opportunities for the segregated residents (Massey & Denton, 1993). This situation leads isolated spaces and lifestyles, social integration problems of a massive urban organism divided into various subsystems functioning in a fragmented manner, loss of collective urban memory and citizen sensitivity, lacking integration, vanishing of collective public area concept, security problems etc.

Approach

Public spaces play a wide range of roles, which can be classified as physical, ecological, psychological, social, political, economic, symbolic, and aesthetic roles.If we consider city made up of public and private spaces such as; streets, squares, plazas, market places and parks are the public spaces of the cities.These areas porvide variety and diversity of activities.

Public spaces ideally play a significant role in cities by bringing diffrent groups of people regardless of their class, ethnic origin, gender and age and thus performing as a common grounds for social interaction, interminigling and communication. However, Within some of the new city regeneration policies, public spaces has been stresed by its symbolic and economic roles and seemed as the means for economic value generation, which attract more affulent groups than the older ones, which enchances gentrification, social exlusion and statification to a certain degree. It is seemed that some regenration project have undernined the social role of the public spaces. Calthorpe and Fulton (2001) state that "usable public space and civic facilities have decayed, resulting in loss of community and loss of a sense of place" (p. 39). The lack of public gathering places can stifle spontaneous socializing and thus adversely affect density of interpersonal networks. Loss of opportunities for people to interact with each other can deteriorate mutual understanding, trust, and reciprocity, which has been described as a decline in social capital (Bourdieu, 1986; Coleman, 1988; Putnam, 1995).

One of the tools of urban design in public spaces is public art to enhance to problems of the social problems which are formed by social spatial segregation in city and in public spaces. As Ã-zsoy & Bayram examined the effects of art works and artistic activities on the quality of public space under the following topics; identity, public communication, cultural continuity, aesthetic experience and economic benefits (2007) in the forms of, Installation, Painting Wall(Murals-Graffiti) - Building Façades - Ground, Public Place Exhibitions, Urban Furniture, Interactive Art.

Miles describe the public art as a practice in a critical vacuum, from that which relates it to social issues and might act to re-focus the practice in ways which are more likely to engender social benefits on lead to social change (1997).

"The value of new genre public art is, then, in its ability to initiate a continuing process of social criticism, and to engage defined publics on issues from homelessness to the survival of the rain forests, domestic violence and AIDS, whilst its purpose is not to fill museums, even with dadaist anti-art, 1 but to resist the structures of power and money which have caused abjection, and in so

doing create imaginative spaces in which to construct, or enable others to construct, diverse possible futures."(Miles, 1997)

Some of the communities use public art for different proposes. While some of the use it as a tool of economic capital such as "GT City center regeneration project" finished in 2000, in Newcastle, "Luci D'Artista" in Torino has been started in 1998 and continuinga