埃里温可再生能源发展规划概述

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1. Background
Electricity production and consumption is rapidly increasing in the whole world. Most of theelectricity produced is provided by thermal, hydro and nuclear power plants. There arerecognized also wind and solar power potentials, making them the most rapidly growing sourcesof electricity production.Fossil fuel reserves and consumption of coal, oil and natural gas combustion negative impact onthe environment, as well as dependence on imported fuel, are endangering the welfare of manycountries. Because of the wind and the sun are "free", it is evident that solar and wind energyvalues won't increase with time. Therefore it is not surprising that countries are reviewing theirenergy strategy，，directing it toward clean and environmentally acceptable solutions.Despite the lack of emissions of gases causing the greenhouse effect, the nuclear plants areshowing water growing requirements, they are polluting significantly amount of heat and causingconcern related to radioactive waste and human health risks. Safety standards and technologicalimprovements considering the growing demands, the cost of the construction of nuclear powerplants is increasing (the cost of the deployment of modem nuclear power plants is U.S. $ 4-7million per 1 MW). Environmentalists are also concerned about the questions about the storageand transportation of nuclear fuel, while countries' security officials are concerned about thepotential threat of nuclear terrorism and nuclear fuel use. Those communities are promotingrenewable energy local sources intensive use feature. In some countries, renewable energytechnologies are currently considered to be economically competitive with traditional electricalsystems. These technologies are becoming even more attractive, if considering the cost of thedamage caused to the environment, endangered to human health and other external influences.Population growth increases the use of electricity, comparing with water reserves, generategreater demand for satisfy the population, agriculture, electricity and water needs. The concernsassociated with water use and environment generates tension to the hydro resources use andmanagement.
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1.2. Related research
The popularity of alternative energy sources suggests variety research. The studies with thesedirections are numerous which are mostly experimental, i.e. the studies are actualizingmainly experimental way.The author mentions in the literature about the importance of alternative energy resourcesdevelopment, as well as alternative energy forecasting difficulties once again facing the fact thatthe directions of this research are very limited depending on geographic location, quantity sunnydays and so on [^].In [14] literature mentions about problems of electrical energy accumulators in which the maindevelopment directions are import of the structural elements and chemical new technologies.It is particularly mentioned in the literature [6] book that the basic concepts of solar PV systems'calculation, but there are not mentioning the problems of the main structural elements: PVmodules, inverters, and the selection of storage batteries quantity.Literature analysis shows that the problems of solar and wind power stations are not solved tillthe end.
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Chapter 2 The recent situation about RES

2.1. Photovoltaic system exist problems, modem solutions and the market situation
One of the main problems of modem energy is to search of alternative energy resources. In thispoint one of the preferred directions is photovoltaic. It depends on factors such as environmentalsafety and solar energy unlimitation.The photovoltaic stations peak power is 1200 TW and produced energy is 2-10^^ TW-h. Theworld energy market is very dynamicThe solar energy increasing market is very perspective. Oil and gas reserve in the middle of thiscentury will be very close to consumption and solar energy should compensate the reduction involume of fossils. Well, as the increase of carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere shouldlead to faster development of environmentally clean solar photovoltaic that can decreaseenvironmental pollution and prevent global warming.At the end of this century in terms of 60% solar energy will be dominant, because of solar energyis inexhaustible. Exposure to harmful indemnity hidden social costs of traditional power plants(diseases, duration shortened life and so on) distributed throughout society and they are 50-80%of energy value. If these losses will include into indices of fuel and energy, then photo energybecome competed already in this development stage.Solar energy can be dominating decentralized energy source in the places which don't haveenergy supplied system. For solar energy converters become the use of mass, we should solvefollowing problems:? to increase the efficiency,? we should solve the problem of huge solar modules surface keeping ideal clean,? to cancel their decreasing effectiveness in the time, when solar modules are warming,? to increase the solar modules service time,? to reduce the price of modules.
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2.2. The role of wind power in electrical system
When appropriate location is chosen and decided to make the investment there, then we can say,that wind power projecting process is starting. This is an inevitable and a continuous process.The first is certitude of step, that is, the maximum installed capacity according to appropriateallows capacity of system or buying, selling electricity's agreement. The main problems of preinvestment stage are: When wind power building positive decision is existent，then we can start wind powerpreliminary layout. The latter can give an idea of what kind of developments are possible. Forthis purpose, we should make a prior scheme, where It is necessary to find out, what systems areexpected to be used, what power is possible to have in different power systems installation. Thepreliminary scheme will provide a basis for the actualize wind measurement appropriate specificlocations and also actualize with stakeholders appropriate discussions. After successfullyimplementing these, we can process the labors project.
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Chapter 3 Calculation of PV System.......... 21
3.1 The determination of inverter load and energy used......... 25
3.2 The determination of storage batteries quantity and necessity ......... 27
3.3 The determination of solar cells' amount......... 29
3.4 Illumination calculation .........30
3.5 PV SYSTEM ECONOMIC PROPOSITION.........33
Chapter 4 Case study......... 37
4.1 Sample calculation of PV system .........37
4.2 Solar photovoltaic station software modeling......... 55
4.3. The planning of require electricity for Yerevan city through......... 58
Chapter 5 Conclusion......... 59

Chapter 4 Case study

4.1 Sample calculation of PV system
3 kW solar photovoltaic power plant design and selection of basic structural elements areobserved in my dissertation. The calculation was actualized in Yerevan city for a 1 storey house,the layout of it shown in Figure 4-1. Determine the area i peak solar hours during the day. That's why, the solar radiation averagemonthly kWh/month on surface, which has same inflection angle with solar cell, it is necessaryto divide the number of days in the month. The meaning of peak hours is 1000 W/m^ intensityhours. Thus, the system operates in the summer we can accept the smallest value in a months. Ifthe electric power supply totally should be provided by solar cell, then the calculation must bedone for the coldest month. In this case, we should have more solar cell and therefore morelosses because of hours of sun peaks due to low values. Install a powerful system for solar cell isconsidered to be economically inexpedient. For this reason, in case a reserve power source isavailable, it is recommended to do the calculation for the average annual peak sun hours, whichwill allow reducing the cost of PV systems. Energy produced during the hot period of the yearmay be granted to the grid and the cold period appropriately will take from grid or reserve powersource .

Conclusion

1. Today, when oil, coal, natural gas and the other energy carrier reserves5 data are muchmore concerning, it becomes uigent to study the possibilities of alternative energysources.
2. The global market for solar PV module price decreases year by year, which is due to theproduction of the newest technologies and market new, more powerful existenceproducers, which is why a number of European countries one of tiie priorities of theenergy is solar energy.
3. Autonomous solar PV stations cost 50% or more (depending on the number of non-sunnydays) is the price of the accumulator batteries, therefore, currently, it has the potential tobe connected to grid solar PV power plants.
4. A number of countries still aren't connected to grid solar PV power plants clearly definedprice. The price is variable and depends on the prospects for renewable energydevelopment in this sector. This fact causes additional difficulties for the development ofsolar energy as investors "fear" or hopeless and dangerous in the field of investments.
5. During planning of autonomous solar plant, it is necessary to rendering the individualapproach, considering to daily and weekly load curves of the house, because of thepossibility of a short peaks can be covered a spare power source as diesel or pefrolgenerators, which will reduce the total cost of the plant.
6. The processed computer program allows exploring solar PV power plants by running ourscripts.
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Reference (omitted)