宫观建筑环境设计中道教美学思想的运用

  本文关键词：宫观建筑环境设计中道教美学思想的运用，由笔耕文化传播整理发布。

宫观建筑环境设计中道教美学思想的运用

宫观建筑环境设计中道教美学思想的运用

道教，是我国土生土长的宗教，并一直在中国的大地上存活、繁衍和传播。在历史的长河中，道教曾对中国古代的哲学、思想、文学、艺术、宗教、文化、风俗乃至科学技术方面，都产生过相当大的影响。道教是中华民族五彩缤纷的文化现象中的一支奇葩，是我国文化之树结出的宗教之果。 道教建筑是中国古代建筑的组成部分。道教历来重视宗教建筑的精神价值，宫观建筑在道教发展史上具有重要地位，是道教文化的外在表现。按照道教自身特有的观念，道教建筑被赋予了崇高的象征意 义，是对神仙所居的琼楼玉宇诸般仙境的模拟。目前，关于道教宫观建筑环境的理论研究比较多。但是，笔者作为一个环境艺术设计的从业者和研究者经过较长时间的调查发现在众多的研究成果中还较少涉及道教建筑在环境艺术设计方面的内容，尤其是实例设计。就笔者所能够收集到的有关此类课题的研究资料而言，目前笔者还未曾看到有比较完备、系统的资料和实例。然而，，道教宫观建筑作为中国本土宗教建筑文化中一个举足轻重的、不可或缺的组成部分，我们十分有必要进行这方面的实例设计研究，以便更好的发掘其中的精髓并将它发扬和改善。 其从道教以修炼成仙为之最终愿望，因此选择幽静秀美的名山大川作为修道养生之地，谓之洞天福地，故有十大洞天、三十六小洞天、七十二福地之说。四川即有许多仙真修道的福地，在众多的仙山福地的择址中四川青城可谓是块风水宝地，一方面它孕育了巴蜀道教文化，另一方面也完成了中原道教文化和巴蜀道教文化的融合。从南北朝以致如今，它一直是巴蜀地区道教文化传播和发展的中心。青城山天然就是仙家福地，自古就有仙道风气，被道教目为十洞天的第五洞天，号曰“九仙宝全之人”。建福宫正是这个布局严谨的古道观群中的第一观，也是本文所要讨论和研究的实例对象。本文重点探讨的是道教宫观建筑，特别是青城山建福宫这样山地宫观环境艺术设计中的美学思想运用。那么对道教自身的情况，对道教美学以及道教建筑的一些基本情况的了解就成为必要。由此笔者将从道教的源起、发展，道教建筑的源流，四川地区道教宫观建筑的实物以及道教美学的主要观念入手，通过对建福宫近况的考察，浅析浅析其特殊的宗教活动功能、历史性文化建筑和自然地势地貌以及景观状况等方面的要素，然后再针对场所环境艺术设计的视觉感等方面的要求，力图设计一套更为合理、实用而且更加具备美学意 义的环境艺术设计方案。

【Abstract】 Taoism, the native religion of China, has been prevailing in this ancient country for over centuries. As an exotic flower in Chinese culture, it has brought profound impact to Chinese philosophy, ideology, religion, culture, literature, arts, folk customs and even science and technology. As the outside expression of Taoist preaches, Taoist temple constitutes an essential part of Chinese architecture. Traditionally, Taoism attaches great importance to the spiritual connotation of its architectures and Taoist temples have been given a holy symbolic position in that they are viewed as the imitation of inhabitance of the spirits and gods in Taoist doctrine, which usually are richly decorated. ;As a researcher and practitioner of environmental art design, the author has been investigating Taoist temple for a long time. However, the author found that among the various researches in this field, few are related to the environmental art of Taoist temple. It is even more difficult to find an exemplary design of Taoist temple. As to the materials and data within the author’s reach, no temple design is complete and systematic. Therefore, with the hope of preserving the essence of traditional culture and popularizing it inmodern society, it is imperative we carry out research into the exemplary design.With the pursuit of immortality, Taoists often choose secluded and quiet places, usually famous mountains and great rivers, as inhabitance for meditation and cultivation. These places are called dongtian (cave heaven) or fudi (blessed land). In Taoist doctrines, there are ten big dongtian, thirty-six small dongtian and seventy-two fudi. Qingcheng mountain, located in Sichuan province, is one of these cave heaven and viewed as the fifth dongtian, named fairyland of nine spirits. Being the center of Taoism in ba and shu region since Southern and Northern dynasty, it has not only gestated the local Taoism, but also merged the Taoism from the Central Plains. Jianfu palace, the first temple of this group of well-distributed architectures, is the subject this research. With the analysis of Jianfu palace, this essay is to explore the aesthetics in Taoist architecture, especially in the Taoist temples with mountainous environment.This essay begins with the introduction of the Taoist aesthetics and Taoist architectures. After an interpretation of the Taoist origin and development, the author examines basic concepts of Taoist aesthetics and Taoist architectures in Sichuan area--specifically Jianfu palace. Following the examination, the author analyzes factors contribute to the formation of these characteristics, mainly from religious function, historical influence, geographic position and physiognomy. In the end, the essay brings visual impact of the Taoist temple into consideration and explores it from the perspective of environmental art. The author strives to find a more feasible and practical environmental designing project, which is, at the same time, aesthetically more valuable.

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  本文关键词：宫观建筑环境设计中道教美学思想的运用，由笔耕文化传播整理发布。