宁夏西海固回族聚落营建及发展策略研究

发布时间：2018-01-12 14:00

本文关键词：宁夏西海固回族聚落营建及发展策略研究　出处：《西安建筑科技大学》2015年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：宁夏西海固地区是我国西北典型的生态环境恶劣、经济落后、民族关系复杂、政治敏感的区域。西海固位于宁夏回族自治区南部,包括固原(原州区)、海原县、西吉县、隆德县、彭阳县、泾源县、同心县、盐池县,共7县一区,占宁夏土地总面积的58.8%。西海固地区资源的显著特征是光、热能源、土地资源丰富,回族特色宗教文化资源丰富多样;但与地区人类生产、生活以及人居环境建设密切相关的森林、耕地、草地等资源短缺,水资源极度匮乏。由于资源禀赋的约束,以及历史上人类与自然气候、自然灾害的频频作用,目前,西海固地区面临着水资源、耕地资源承载力接近临界值、生态环境破坏严重、土地沙化、荒漠化加剧、风沙灾害频繁等严重的生态问题。从历史与现实的教训来看,西海固地区人居环境不断恶化的人为原因在于:对该地区气候、自然资源以及丰富的回族特色宗教文化资源条件没有清晰的认识,对自然环境、资源的开发与利用不当,对地域民族宗教文化的承传与发展不够。在当前城市化、生态移民进程加快的形势下,西海固地区的乡村聚落建设过程不但没有继承与发展传统聚落营建智慧和优势,反而脱离地域资源条件的约束、不顾民族地域文化传承,盲目套用城市人居环境的建设模式,导致资源损毁与人居矛盾的加剧。使得原本特色鲜明的少数民族传统聚落失去本真,带来了地区居住形态的衰落与良好民族社区氛围的丧失,更为严重的是将会激化该地区的民族矛盾。宁夏西海固回族传统乡村聚落营建规律及当前乡村聚落的发展策略研究,能够缓解宁夏西海固地区人居环境的矛盾,同时对于引导西北地区普遍存在的少数民族地区乡村聚落建设具有启示意义。本研究以特定区域自然生态环境、人文宗教与聚落营建的内在关联作为研究切入点,综合运用人居环境学等理论、方法作为指导,通过广泛的调查与资料的收集,将西海固地区的乡村聚落、乡土建筑作为主要研究对象,揭示其中影响回族聚落分布格局、聚落选址、聚落空间结构、聚落形态中心、乡土建筑营建技术、宗教建筑的审美艺术及装饰技术发展、变化的主要因素、具体特征与特定规律。在此基础上,结合当代西海固地区地域资源特征,生产、生活特点,提出当前西海固回族聚落的发展策略。研究工作的主要内容如下:(1)历史时期西海固传统乡村聚落演变历程及特征以宁夏地区社会历史、自然环境变迁的轨迹为线索,研究西海固地区各个历史时期聚落形成、发展、演变的特征,关注聚落分布格局、聚落选址特征、聚落形态与空间结构、传统乡土建筑形态与营建技术以及营建材料的变化特征,挖掘传统聚落的演变机制,探寻应对地区资源、自然条件的生态文化理念、人居环境建设策略及传统聚落营建的规律性因素。(2)西海固回族聚落营建与自然环境、回汉文化融合的深层关系研究针对西海固地区回族乡村聚落生态环境的恶劣、自然资源的极度匮乏、人文宗教思想的丰富多样、社会经济的落后等特定条件,以人居环境科学、建筑学、城乡规划学、人文地理学、宗教学、民族学等学科为理论指导,结合少数民族地区聚落研究已有成果,从自然环境、回汉文化融合两个方面深入研究提取聚落应对自然资源环境的营建智慧以及受到回汉文化融合影响的聚落特征,进而探讨其相互关系,探寻聚落营建与发展的关键点。(3)自然环境约束下、人文宗教影响下的聚落营建规律研究研究通过剖析不同时期、不同尺度的西海固传统聚落应对地区土地资源、水资源、气候资源、建材资源等方面的营建实例,对回汉文化融合下西海固传统回族聚落的宗教建筑特征、“寺坊”形态特征以及民居空间进行了深入研究。系统总结回应地域资源、适应地区文化的聚落营建规律与适宜技术。(4)西海固回族聚落发展策略研究整合以上研究成果,结合回族传统聚落面对今天的快速城市化、生产方式、生活方式的剧烈变化的前提下,在认真分析原有乡土聚落优势的基础上,积极探索传统营建技术的提升与优化途径,为当前西海固地区回族乡村聚落的可持续发展及生态移民新村的科学建设提供借鉴。
[Abstract]:Ningxia is a typical Xihaigu area northwest of China's ecological environment is bad, economic backwardness, the complex ethnic relations, politically sensitive area. In the south of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, including Guyuan (Yuanzhou District), Haiyuan County, Xiji County, Longde County, Pengyang County, Jingyuan County, Tongxin County, Yanchi County, a total of 7 counties and one district a significant feature, accounted for the total land area of Ningxia Xihaigu area 58.8%. resources are light, heat energy, rich land resources, Hui nationality religious culture resources rich; but with the area of human production, life and living environment is closely related to the construction of forest, farmland, grassland resources, water resources is extremely scarce. Due to resource endowment constraints, as well as the history of mankind and natural climate, natural disasters frequently, at present, Xihaigu area facing the water, close to the critical value of the bearing capacity of land resources, serious damage to the ecological environment, land Desertification, desertification, sandstorm disasters such as serious ecological problems. From the point of view of the lessons of history and reality, is man-made causes deterioration of the living environment in Xihaigu region: in the area of climate, natural resources and the Hui nationality religious culture resources abundant no clear understanding of the natural environment, the exploitation and utilization of resources not enough on the inheritance and development of regional ethnic and religious culture. In the current city, speeding up the process of ecological immigration situation, rural settlements construction Xihaigu area not only the inheritance and development of traditional settlements construction wisdom and advantages, but from the regional resource constraints, regardless of national and regional cultural heritage, to city living environment the construction mode of the blind, resulting in resource damage and living contradictions. The original distinctive ethnic traditional settlements lose authenticity, Bring the area living patterns of fading loss and good atmosphere of ethnic communities, more serious is the region will intensify ethnic conflicts. The development of Ningxia Xihaigu Hui traditional rural settlements construction of law and the current rural settlement strategy research, it can alleviate the contradiction of human settlements in Ningxia Xihaigu area, and to guide the rural settlement construction in minority areas widespread in Northwest China. This study has implications in a specific area of natural ecological environment, human relation of religion and settlement construction as a research starting point, comprehensive use of human settlements theory, method as a guide, through extensive investigation and data collection, the rural settlements in Xihaigu area, vernacular architecture as the main research the object, revealing the influence of Hui settlement distribution pattern, location, spatial structure of settlement, settlement form center, Xiang The construction technology of soil architecture, religious architecture aesthetic art and decoration technology development, the main factors of the changes, and the specific law of the specific characteristics. On this basis, combined with the characteristics of regional resources in contemporary Xihaigu area of production, life characteristics, and puts forward the development strategy of the Xihaigu Hui settlement. The main contents of this work are as follows: (1) historical period the traditional rural settlements in the evolution and features of the social history of Ningxia area, natural environment change as the clue, the formation, settlement of each historical period development Xihaigu area of research, the evolution of the characteristics, puts emphasis on the distribution pattern, location characteristics, settlement patterns and spatial structure, the traditional vernacular architecture form and construction technology and the characteristics of the construction materials the evolution mechanism of traditional settlements, mining area, explore coping resources, natural conditions, ecological culture, construction of human settlements environment policy Regularity factors slightly and the traditional settlement construction. (2) Xihaigu Hui settlement construction and the natural environment, to study the deep relationship between the Han culture in Hui Village ecological environment in the area of the poor, extremely scarce natural resources, humanistic religious thought is abundant, social economic backwardness and other specific conditions, with the living environment science, architecture, urban planning, human geography, religion, ethnology and other disciplines as the theoretical guidance, combined with the minority areas of settlement research, from the natural environment, to in-depth study of construction settlement deal with natural resources and environment to extract wisdom and subject to the settlement characteristics of Hui and Han culture fusion of Han culture in two aspects of integration, and to explore the relationship, to explore the key points of settlement construction and development. (3) the natural environment, research on settlement construction of law under the influence of religion of humanity Study through the analysis of different periods, different scales of traditional settlements with land resources in Xihaigu, water resources, climate resources, resources and other aspects of the construction example of building materials, architectural features of religious culture under the fusion of traditional Xihaigu Hui and Han Hui settlement, "Si Fang" morphological characteristics and residential space were studied. The system response to regional summary resources, adaptation and appropriate technology of settlement construction area culture. (4) the development strategy of the integration of Hui settlement the above research results, in the face of today's rapid urbanization, combined with the Hui traditional settlement mode of production, dramatic changes in lifestyle of the premise, based on careful analysis of the existing settlements on the advantages of active exploration the traditional construction technology improvement and optimization approach for the sustainable development of the rural settlements of Hui Xihaigu area and Ecological Immigration New Village of Science The construction provides a reference.

【学位授予单位】：西安建筑科技大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：TU253;TU982.29

【参考文献】