中国古典园林文献研究

发布时间：2018-06-05 02:54

本文选题：园林文献 + 《园冶》　；参考：《山东大学》2015年博士论文

【摘要】：中国古典园林文献,顾名思义,指所有记录、说明、描写、歌颂中国古典园林及园林生活的文字及图画。依据对园林表现的深度和广度的差异,园林文献可分为主体性园林文献和附属性园林文献。另就文献体裁及内容侧重点的不同,主体性园林文献又可细分为园论、园记、园画三类；附属性园林文献则分为园林诗词、园林匾联、花谱石谱、零散园林史料四类。《园冶》并非只在明崇祯七年刊刻过,在清代还曾再刊,且不止一种翻刻本；《木经全书》和《夺天工》也并非是在日本改名出版的,而是通过商船出口到日本的。《夺天工》卷首的“华日堂藏书”“卓荦观群书”收藏印记、《木经全书》卷首的“隆盛堂”牌记透露了版本信息。阚铎曾言清人只李渔见过《园冶》,其实不然,有清一代除李渔外,见过《园冶》一书的还有清代伍涵芬、谢浦泰,以及《振绮堂书录》的撰写者朱文藻及振绮堂的主人汪宪及其后人。《园冶》中未涉及匾联,引起一些学者的猜测。有的说是因为匾联配合于柱、额的做法直到清代才兴盛,有的则认为在宋代的园林中题联已经很普遍。实际上,园林楹联虽在宋代已出现,但因文献记载绝少,尚不能证明已普遍,但可以确定,其在元末明初已盛行。计成未提匾联,是因分工不同。《长物志》十二卷中与园林密切相关者为室庐、花木、水石、禽鱼、几榻、器具、位置七卷。“几榻”“器具”“位置”中介绍了数十种日常用具的材质、结构、用途及摆放位置,是《园冶》所未涉及的。书中处处标榜“韵事”,排斥“恶俗”,重视景物的“画意”,与《园冶》的观点既有相似之处,也有相左的地方。《闲情偶记》八个部类中,“居室部”“种植部”涉及造园。与明清一般文人对造园仅泛泛而论不同,李渔不但有造园实践,且在当时及后世颇具盛名。李渔的不少观点往往和计成不谋而合。《闲情偶寄》的“联匾”可补《园冶》之缺。二书不是专门讨论造园的专著,文人笔墨游戏的成分居多,缺乏较系统的理论支撑。自唐中期至清末,园记有一千四百余篇。若以园记作者所处的时代为界,则明代园记数量最多,宋、清次之,元、唐、金、南北朝又次之,汉代数量最少；若以园林所在的地域为界,则江苏最多,浙江、北京、河南、安徽、河北、上海次之,其余省份数量较少。本章先就园记的概念、园记的兴起及发展、园记的写作方法及目的、现存园记的概况及园记类型作简要概述,再从园记对园林的描写与表现、园记对园林生活的再现与歌颂、园记对园林史的勾勒和梳理、园记对景观命名方式的记录和反映四个方面具体展开论述,最后以园记的主题作结。园画的主要功能在于描绘园林景色及布局、再现园林生活,前人对前者研究较充分,对后者关注不够。园画所描绘的园林生活主要有两个主题：其一,男性的娱乐,如博古、品茗、消夏、行乐；其二,女性的世界,如耕织、梳妆、乞巧、拜月、读书、吟诗、奏乐、弈棋、博古、赏花、斗草、观物取乐、荡秋千、蹴鞠、捶丸等,按其性质,可以概括为宣扬教化、祝愿祈祷、修身养性、休闲娱乐、活动消遣五类。园林诗词中所描述的园林景象往往属于泛指,并非写实,但园林诗词仍有其不可替代的文献价值,诗词中营造的“园林意境”也不容忽视。园林匾联,是富有人文气息的园林区别于纯自然风景区的重要标志,对园林景物起着画龙点睛的作用。在花谱类文献中,花木真正成为被关注的焦点,有关花木的种类、产地、名称由来、生长习性、培植方法等,被以接近自然科学的方式呈现在读者面前；石谱等论石著作,对历代造园所用石材的产地、特性记述尤详,可以弥补园记中多以“奇石”“假山”笼统描述石品的不足。方志是记载衙署园林的文献宝库。《舆地纪盛》“景物”门已有园林亭馆的记载,《方舆胜览》中涉及园林的门类增多,崇祯年间的《太仓州志》中出现“园林”条目。笔记体散文著作中不乏珍贵的园林史料,如《癸辛杂识·别集下·药洲园馆》记载的园中三副桃符,是迄今所知最早的园林楹联。先秦史书记载苑囿仅及名称,汉代史书中有关园林的文字仍很简约,但据其记载已约略可知皇家苑园的名称、数量等情况；在记载魏晋南北朝历史的史书中,有关园林的记载有所突破,记皇家宫苑一改前代史书中“某年月幸某苑”等流水账式写法,添加了场景描写及议论,所记私家园林不再仅以姓氏冠名；新、旧《唐书》中关于园林的记载显著增多；《宋史》记帝王游幸御园的频率远高于前朝及后代,《宋史·礼志·嘉礼》增加了“游观”条；元明清三代史书中有关园林的记载非常罕见。通过史书,可以大致梳理出历代苑园管理机构的更迭情况。小说分文言和白话,白话又分短篇和长篇。文言小说以笔记体小说为代表,《剪灯新话》中的很多故事发生在园林闺阁之中,是“庭院式”言情小说的较早作品,《聊斋志异》继承了明代庭院式言情小说的写作模式,并使之更为细腻、写实,人物形象更丰满,故事场景更生活化。白话短篇以“三言二拍”、《十二楼》为代表,其中有关园林的文字,多半止于外部景观描写,偶尔会涉及居室布置。白话长篇以《红楼梦》为代表,书中关于大观园的描述,几乎涉及造园各个方面,对园居生活描述尤详。《红楼梦》中的园林既是人物活动的背景,又是情节发展的有力推手,对人物形象的塑造、故事脉络的起伏起到衬托、映射、暗示的作用。园林微环境与人物性格之间有着千丝万缕的内在联系。园林第一次在小说中被赋予生命,一改短篇小说中千篇一律的园林模式。由于作者思想深度、艺术修养、写作意图等的差异及文献体裁的不同,致使各类园林文献风格迥异。但各种园林文献之间,并不是完全孤立的,既各有分工,又相互重叠,很难明确分出楚河汉界。还原一座历史名园,往往各类园林文献都要参考。从园林文献中可以抽绎出中国古典园林的艺术特性。关于此点,前人成说主要着眼于园林所呈现的外部景观,偏重于显性的设计层面,对古典园林隐性的思想层面的艺术特性认识不足,尤其是物质性、私密性方面。
[Abstract]:Chinese classical garden literature, as its name implies, refers to all the records, descriptions, descriptions, and praises of the Chinese classical gardens and the characters and pictures of the life of the garden. According to the differences in the depth and breadth of the garden performance, the garden literature can be divided into the main landscape literature and the attached attribute garden literature. Garden literature can be divided into three categories: garden theory, garden and garden painting. The attached garden literature is divided into garden poetry, garden plaque, flower stone spectrum, and scattered garden historical materials, four kinds. Not only in the seven years of Ming Chong Zhen, but also in the Qing Dynasty, and more than one kind of turning book. It is published, but through the export of the merchant ship to Japan. The book of "Hua sun halls", "the Chinese sun hall collection", "the grand view group book" collection, the "Longsheng hall" of the book of wood classics, has revealed the version information. Kan Tudor once said that only Li Yu had seen "gardening". In fact, there was a Qing Dynasty except Li Yu, and he had seen the book of "gardening >". In the Qing Dynasty, Wu Hanfen, Xie Pu Tai, and the writer of the book of Guqi hall, the author of Zhu Wenzao and the owner of the hall of Guqi, and his master Wang Xian and his posterity. There were no inscribed boards in the garden, which caused some scholars' speculation. Some said that the practice of the inscribed board combined with the column was not flourishing until the Qing Dynasty, and some thought that the title Union in the garden of the Song Dynasty was very common. Although the couplets have appeared in the Song Dynasty, there are few records of the couplets in the Song Dynasty, but they can not be proved to be common, but it can be confirmed that they are in vogue in the early Ming and early Ming Dynasty. "Position" introduces the material, structure, use and placement of dozens of daily utensils. It is not involved in the "gardening". In the book, it is all marked "affair", excluding the "vulgar" and the "picturesque" of the scenery. It is similar to the view of the garden, and there is a left place. Among the eight categories of leisure, the "residence Department" The "planting Department" involves gardening. It is different from the general literati in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Li Yu not only has the practice of gardening, but also has great fame at that time and later. Many of Li Yu's views often coincide with the plan. < "the tablet 'of the idle love" can supplement the lack of gardening. The two book is not a special Monographs on the garden, the pen and ink game of the literati. Since the middle of the Tang Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty, there were more than one thousand hundred and four hundred pieces. In the period of the times of the garden writer, the number of gardens in the Ming Dynasty was the most, the song, the Qing times, the yuan, the Tang, the gold, the north and South Dynasties were the least, and the largest Jiangsu, the Zhejiang, Beijing, and the river if the garden was located. South, Anhui, Hebei, Shanghai is the second one, and the number of other provinces is small. This chapter begins with the concept of garden record, the rise and development of the garden, the writing method and purpose of the garden, the outline of the garden and the type of garden, and the description and expression of garden, the reappearance and praise of garden life, and the outline of garden history. The main function of the garden painting is to describe the landscape and layout of the garden, and to reproduce the garden life. The former study of the former is more fully and not enough to the latter. There are two main themes of garden life depicted in the garden painting: the main function of the garden painting is to describe the four aspects. First, men's entertainment, such as Bo Gu, tea, summer, music, the world of women, such as ploughing, dressing, begging, Yue moon, reading, singing, playing chess, bou Gu, flowers, grass, watching music, swing, Cuju, pounding pills and so on, according to their nature, can be summarized as enlightenment, wish prayer, body cultivation, leisure entertainment, recreational activities of five categories. The landscape poetry described in the garden poetry often belongs to the general reference, not the realism, but the garden poetry still has its irreplaceable literature value, and the "garden artistic conception" created in the poetry can not be ignored. The garden plaque is an important symbol of the rich humanistic garden which is different from the pure natural scenic area, and plays the finishing point to the garden scenery. In the anthology literature, flowers and trees have become the focus of attention. The species, origin, origin, origin, growth habits and cultivation methods of flowers and trees are presented in front of the readers in the way of natural science. "Strange stone" and "rockery" generally describe the shortage of stone goods. Square records are the treasure house of documents that record the Yamen garden. The records of the garden pavilion have been recorded in the gate of the land of public opinion, and the number of gardens involved in the garden is increased, and the "Garden" appears in the Taicang chronicles of the Chong Zhen period. There are precious gardens in the notes prose works. Historical materials, such as the three pairs of peach characters recorded in the garden of "chic miscellaneous knowledge, other collection and medicine Chau garden", are the earliest known garden couplets to date. The history secretaries of the pre-Qin period only have the gardens and their names. The characters of the gardens in the Han Dynasty are still very simple, but according to their records, the names and quantities of the royal garden have been knowable, and the records of the northern and Southern Dynasties in the Wei and Jin dynasties have been recorded. In history's history books, the records of gardens have been breakthroughs. In the history books of the Royal Palace, the story of "one year and the moon" was written in the history books of the royal palace. The description and discussion of the scenes were added, and the private gardens were no longer only named after the name of the family name. The rate is far higher than the former and the descendants, < Song Shi, Li Zhi and Jiali > increases the "tour view". The records of gardens in the three dynasties of the yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties are very rare. Through the history books, we can roughly comb out the changes of the management institutions of the gardens of the dynasties. The novels are divided into classical and vernacular, and the vernacular is also short and long. Many of the stories in the new story of the lantern cut took place in the gardening boudoir, the earlier works of the "courtyard" romance novels. The story of "Liao Zhi Yi" inherited the writing mode of the courtyard style novels of the Ming Dynasty, and made it more delicate, realistic, the figure more plump and the story scene more living. The vernacular short stories were "three words, two beat" and the twelve building. For the representative, the characters of the garden are mostly stopped in the external landscape description, and occasionally involved in the bedroom layout. The vernacular is represented by the dream of the Red Mansion. The description of the Grand View Garden in the book almost involves various aspects of the garden and the description of the life of the garden. The garden in the dream of Red Mansions is both the background of the character activities and the development of the plot. In the first time, the garden has been endowed with life in the novel and changed the pattern of garden forest in the short story. Because of the depth of the author, the artistic accomplishment, the writing of the writer. The differences in intention and the difference of literature genres lead to different styles of garden literature. But among the various garden literature, it is not completely isolated. It is difficult to distinguish the Chu River and Han Dynasty. It is difficult to distinguish the Chu River and Han Dynasty. The restoration of a famous historical garden is often referred to by all kinds of Yuan Linwen. The artistic characteristics of classical gardens. On this point, the predecessors mainly focus on the external landscape presented in the garden, emphasizing the explicit design level, and lack the understanding of the recessive artistic characteristics of the classical garden, especially in the material and private aspects.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：TU986.1

【参考文献】