伊通河水体污染生态修复及效益评价

发布时间：2018-06-27 04:25

本文选题：北方城市河流 + 水体污染修复　；参考：《东北师范大学》2015年博士论文

【摘要】：目前,我国主要水系的水质多为轻度污染,部分城市河段污染较重,而《水污染防治行动计划》要求到2020年,七大重点流域水质优良(达到或优于Ⅲ类)比例总体要达到70%以上,地级及以上城市建成区黑臭水体均控制在10%以内,要想实现此目标,除需对污染源进行强化控制减少排放之外,对污染河流水体开展生态修复也是实现治污控污目标的有效手段之一。本研究以第二松花江二级支流伊通河的重污染河段—长春市区河段为研究区,在国家水体污染控制与治理重大专项子课题“重污染支流伊通河生态修复技术与工程示范”项目的资助下,以“近自然、多功能、高效益、可持续”为生态修复理念,以“增活力、提能力、减污染、降风险”即“增强系统活力、提高自净能力、减轻污染负荷、降低风险危害”为阶段目标,以生态学和工程学的相关理论为基础,以生物-生态修复技术的集成为手段,通过工程设计、施工与效果监测,初步构建了适合北方气候条件的水体污染生态修复的工程技术体系,评估了生态修复工程实施后的效益。构建的水体生态修复技术体系包括三部分内容:一是针对城区上游农业面源污染防治和河岸土壤侵蚀治理的乡村段生态修复治理技术;二是针对城区迅速发展的生活社区点源的梯级生物治理技术;三是针对城区河段水流缓慢、自净能力差、污染严重、亲水性低的景观水体的河岸生物-生态工程治理技术,以上三部分的结合,构成了伊通河城市段水体污染生态修复示范工程。该项研究可为北方中小河流的生态修复工作提供必要理论基础和技术支撑。具体内容和结果可归纳为以下四个方面:(1)在城区段上游实施的乡村河段面源污染防治和河岸侵蚀治理的生态修复工程(2009-2012年)包括河岸植被缓冲带构建、多功能鱼塘修建和河道微地形改造3部分工程。其中,河岸植被缓冲带系统,面积为2.30 hm2,主要功能为过滤、截留两岸农田面源污染物、维持河岸稳定、防止河岸侵蚀;多功能生态鱼塘系统,面积约1.2hm2,主要用于协调资源利用、缓解水环境保护与经济发展间的矛盾;微地形调整系统的面积为0.7 hm2,主要功能是净化上游来水,为鱼类等水生生物提供多样的生境。通过对工程实施前后研究区入口和出口处的监测与评价结果表明,该生态修复工程可显著提高河流水体中NH3-N、COD和BOD5的去除率,其去除率分别由工程实施前(2009年)的-14.29%、1.81%和-0.5%,提高到实施后(2011年)的66.29%、10.81%和7.25%;浮游生物中代表清洁物种的生物种数由恢复前的1种增加到8种;与工程实施前相比,工程实施两年后的河岸植被群落结构完整,植被带宽度和物种种数增加,草本植物带的平均宽度增加36.33 m、物种种数增加1-6种;其中灌木带的平均宽度增加9.12m、物种种数增加4种,乔木带的平均宽度增加16.52m、物种种数增加1-2种;多功能生态鱼塘的构建,非但没有增加河流污染负荷,反而有所降低,其中对cod的去除率达9.36%,bod5削减约43%,池塘中的do保持在8mg/l以上(有必要的人工增氧措施);同时经营者的经济收入由原来每年的4万元左右增加到18万元左右,改善了鱼塘的景观。实施的结果表明,该生态工程技术系统能显著减少城市上游河流面源污染负荷,改善城市河流水质,生物多样性和经济效益有所提高。这种修复方式是适用于北方中小型河流乡村段生态系统完整性和实现社会经济可持续发展的一种有效的技术手段。(2)针对城区河段居民小区点源未能及时有效处理而直接排入伊通河内的现状,研发了“4段梯级式”生态治理技术以降低河流污染负荷。该工程于2011年完成,占地面积约1.2hm2,日处理污水量360-650m3(平均值为465m3),主要包括沉淀截留(面积24m2)、人工湿地(面积1000m2)、生物填料段(面积11233m2)和植物修复段(面积30m2)四部分,工程运行后对生活污水中的nh3-n、tn、tp、cod、bod5的去除率分别达到23.77%、19.17%、30.18%、30.96%、26.38%。各段对污染物去除的贡献率不同。其中,人工湿地段对去除tp、bod5贡献的相对较高,分别为34.71%、35.06%;生物填料段对nh3-n、tn去除贡献相对较高,分别是45.87%、37.81%;而植物修复段对cod的去除、do的恢复贡献相对较高,cod的去除率为44.32%,do升高53.86%。经济效益分析表明,该工程在一次性投入和运行成本上都低于同等规模污水处理厂的投资。(3)针对城区河段主河道水流缓慢、自净能力丧失,河岸硬质化、亲水性低等问题,构建了水面面积为4.3hm2的河岸辅助净化系统,该净化系统利用河岸原有泡塘,采取微地形改造、多孔性玄武岩基质铺垫、植物格栅与生态岛、生态跌水、硬质化护岸改造、生物修复、近自然溪流的重建等技术集成净化河流水质。工程运行后日均处理水量9000m3左右,占河流日均流量的3%,枯水季节可达20%,对水中bod5、ss、nh3-n、tn、tp的去除率均超过20%。同时,该工程注重景观多样化和亲水性的设计受到市民好评。(4)针对城市河流上游的面源污染,构建了包括截留农业面源的河岸植被带系统、改善水产养殖水体污染的多功能鱼塘系统、减少河流上游来水污染的微地形调整系统在内的保护水环境质量的耦合技术体系;针对社区点源污染,构建了包括沉淀、湿地、生物修复技术在内梯级生态治理技术体系;针对主河道景观水体污染,构建了包括沉淀、过滤、生物修复、硬质化护岸修复、溪流再造技术在内的岸上辅助净化技术体系;这些技术的应用与实施形成了可适用于北方城市河流水体污染生态修复的技术体系,削减了cod、氨氮和总氮的入河量,其削减量分别为330.88×10-3t/d、17.49×10-3t/d、30.54×10-3t/d,这对河流系统自净能力的提高,系统完整性的修复起到了积极作用,但有些技术未来在河流水体生态修复工程运用过程中还需是河流自身特点而不断完善,包括工程的规模、运行维护和后期管理等影响技术效果发挥的环节。
[Abstract]:At present, the water quality of the main water system in our country is mostly mild pollution, and the pollution of some urban rivers is heavy, while the water pollution prevention action plan is required by 2020, the proportion of the water quality of the seven major catchment areas is more than 70%, and the black and stinky water bodies in the urban and above cities are controlled within 10%. In addition to strengthening control and reducing the emission of pollution sources, it is one of the effective means to carry out ecological restoration for polluted river water bodies. This study takes the heavy polluted river section of the Yitong River of the second Songhua River two tributary and the river section of the Changchun city as the research area, and is a major special project for the control and control of water pollution in the state. Under the support of the project entitled "ecological restoration technology and engineering demonstration of the heavy pollution tributary of Yitong River", the concept of "near nature, multi-function, high benefit and sustainable" is the concept of ecological restoration, with "increasing vitality, raising capacity, reducing pollution and reducing risk", that is "enhancing system vitality, raising self purification capacity, reducing pollution load and reducing risk hazard" On the basis of the related theory of ecology and engineering and the integration of biologic and ecological restoration technology as a means, the engineering technology system of water pollution ecological restoration suitable for the northern climate conditions is preliminarily constructed, and the benefits after the implementation of the ecological restoration project are evaluated. The state restoration technology system consists of three parts: one is the rural ecological restoration and treatment technology for the prevention and control of agricultural non-point source pollution and the erosion of riverside soil erosion in the upper reaches of the urban area; the two is a cascade biological control technology for the rapid development of the living community point source in the urban area, and the three is the slow flow of water, poor self purification capacity and serious pollution in the urban area. The combination of the three parts of the river bank biological ecological engineering technology of low hydrophilic landscape water body constitutes a demonstration project of ecological restoration of water pollution in the urban section of the Yitong River. This study can provide the necessary theoretical basis and technical support for the ecological restoration work of the northern and small rivers. The specific content and results can be summarized as follows: Four The following aspects: (1) the ecological restoration project of the prevention and control of the non-point source pollution and the treatment of riverbank erosion in the upper reaches of the urban section (2009-2012 years) includes the construction of the riparian vegetation buffer zone, the construction of the multi-functional fishponds and the transformation of the river micro topography. Among them, the riparian vegetation slow flushing system is 2.30 Hm2, the main function is filtration. To keep the land source pollutants on both sides of the Taiwan Straits to maintain the stability of the riverbank and prevent riverbank erosion, the multi-functional ecological fish pond system, with an area of about 1.2hm2, is mainly used to coordinate the utilization of resources and alleviate the contradiction between water environmental protection and economic development; the area of the micro topography adjustment system is 0.7 Hm2, the main function is to purify the upstream water and provide fish and other aquatic organisms. The results of monitoring and evaluation at the entrance and exit of the research area before and after the implementation of the project show that the ecological restoration project can significantly increase the removal rate of NH3-N, COD and BOD5 in river water, and the removal rates are increased to 66.29%, 10.81% and 7. after implementation (2009), respectively, after implementation (2011). 25%, the number of biological species representing the clean species increased from 1 to 8 species before the restoration. Compared with the project before the project, the riparian vegetation community structure was complete, the width and species number of vegetation were increased, the average width of herbaceous plants increased by 36.33 m, and the species number increased by 1-6 species, among which the average width of the shrub belt was wide. The number of species increased by 4 species, the average width of species increased by 4 species, the average width of the arbor belt increased by 16.52m, and the species number increased by 1-2. The construction of multi-functional ecological fish ponds, instead of increasing the river pollution load, decreased, among which the removal rate of COD was 9.36%, BOD5 was reduced by about 43%, and do in the pond remained above 8mg/l (necessary artificial aeration measures). At the same time, the economic income of the operators increased from about 40 thousand yuan per year to about 180 thousand yuan, which improved the landscape of the fish pond. The implementation results show that the ecological engineering technology system can significantly reduce the pollution load in the river upstream of the city, improve the water quality of the urban rivers, and improve the biodiversity and economic benefits. The formula is an effective technical means for the ecosystem integrity and the sustainable social and economic development of the small and medium small rivers in the north. (2) the "4 stage cascade" ecological treatment technology is developed to reduce the pollution of the river in Hanoi. Dyed load. The project was completed in 2011, covering an area of about 1.2hm2 and daily treated sewage 360-650m3 (average value of 465m3), including precipitation interception (area 24m2), artificial wetland (area 1000m2), biological filler segment (area 11233m2) and four parts of plant repair section (area 30m2), and NH3-N, TN, TP, COD, BOD5. The removal rates of 23.77%, 19.17%, 30.18%, 30.96%, and 26.38%. respectively have different contributions to the removal of pollutants. Among them, the contribution of the constructed wetland segments to the removal of TP and BOD5 is relatively high, 34.71%, 35.06%, and the contribution of the biofilm section to NH3-N and TN is relatively high, 45.87%, 37.81%, and the removal of the phytoremediation segment to the do and the restorer of the do. The complex contribution is relatively high, the removal rate of COD is 44.32%, and the economic benefit of increasing 53.86%. by do shows that the project is lower than the investment of the same scale sewage treatment plant in the one-time investment and operating cost. (3) the water surface area is constructed for the slow flow of water flow, the loss of self purification capacity, the hardiness of the riverbank and low hydrophilicity in the main channel of the urban river section. For the riverbank auxiliary purification system of 4.3hm2, the purification system uses the original river bank to make use of the original bubble and pond in the riverbank, adopt the micro topography transformation, the porous basalt matrix paving, the plant grille and the ecological island, the ecological water fall, the hard revetment transformation, the bioremediation, the reconstruction of the near natural stream and so on. The water quality of the river is treated by the day after the operation of 9000m. Around 3, accounting for 3% of daily average flow of river and 20% in dry season. The removal rates of BOD5, SS, NH3-N, TN and TP in water are all higher than 20%.. The design of landscape diversification and hydrophilicity is well received by the public. (4) the system of riverbank vegetation belt, including the interception of agricultural non-point sources, is constructed for the pollution of the upstream of the urban river. The multi function fish pond system produced by aquaculture water pollution, which reduces the water environmental quality of the water pollution in the river upstream, protects the water environment quality. In view of the community point source pollution, a cascade ecological management system, including precipitation, wetland and bioremediation technology, is constructed, and the pollution of the main river landscape water body is constructed. A technical system of shore assisted purification technology, including precipitation, filtration, bioremediation, hard revetment and stream reengineering, has been built. The application and implementation of these technologies have formed a technical system that can be applied to the ecological restoration of river water pollution in northern cities, reducing the amount of COD, ammonia nitrogen and total nitrogen into the river, and its reduction is 330.88 * 1, respectively. 0-3t/d, 17.49 * 10-3t/d, 30.54 x 10-3t/d, which has played an active role in improving the self purification capacity of the river system and the restoration of the integrity of the system. However, some technologies need to be perfected continuously in the process of the application of river water ecological restoration engineering, including the scale of the project, the operation and maintenance and the later management. The link of the effect.
【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：X522;X824

【引证文献】