从弗洛伊德的精神分析看海明威作品中的死亡意识

发布时间：2018-06-09 16:36

本文选题：海明威 + 死亡意识　；参考：《长江大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：欧内斯特·米勒·海明威(Ernest Miller Hemingway),作为二十世纪美国最具代表性的“迷惘一代”的小说家之一,其小说之所以能够享誉世界,除了他“冰山原则”的写作风格、以及“电文式”简洁的语言以外,最重要的在于他在作品对于“死亡”这一主题的不断探索,并且成功地塑造了无数“硬汉”形象,同时其作品也揭示了海明威本人的对于“死亡”的认知过程。海明威的小说不仅仅涉及一些零星的死亡现象,而是深刻地体现了他的一种死亡哲学。在他的五部长篇小说、一部中篇小说、一部剧本和八十一部短篇几乎篇篇都谈论死亡或写与死亡有关的情节内容。海明威想以自己的亲身经历和作品向世人展示他对死亡问题形而上的理性思考。他提出了“死自有一种美”,“活着,则勇敢地活下去”的人生观、价值观和死亡观,他强调以“硬汉”精神来面对死亡。海明威认为：“人生是一场孤独的斗争,是行动的拼死的激情。在他背后意识不到任何意义或理由,人生里,没有任何东西被说明,被改善或被挽救,也不能真正地提出或解决什么问题。人只能在人生的篱笆上愤怒或死去或伤心地观望。’在表面看来,他着力书写人对死亡的恐惧、逃避、彷徨,书写死亡的一系列现象,临终时与死亡的肌肤之亲、与死亡面对面的谈判,以及谈判失败之后,死亡成为唯一所有时的一切体验,而实际上,并非仅仅为死亡而写死亡,而是彰显生存的意义、生命的价值,凸现生命意志的强大张力。在他看来最重要的并非是死亡意识的不可抗拒性,而是死亡恐惧之前展现的人性悲剧崇高之美,以及人生最大价值的实现。死亡是对生命的否定,而这恰恰加强了生命的审美价值和意义。换个角度说,对生命的否定使死亡带上了一道眩目的美的光环。本文试图根据弗洛伊德精神分析理论,结合海明威充满传奇色彩的人生经历通过六大章节的内容,解读海明威”死亡意识”的形成过程以及其后对其作品的影响,同时也将以他具有代表性的不同时期作品《印第安营地》、《杀人者》、《太阳照常升起》、《永别了,武器》、《乞力马扎罗的雪》和《老人与海》为依据,来论证他作品背后的亡哲学的具体内涵,并试图从一个全新的角度去理解与认识海明威和他的作品,。论文第一章首先介绍了海明威人生经历及其主要作品。然后介绍了本论文的研究背景以及国内外对于海明威作品中死亡意识的研究状况。最后介绍了弗洛伊德的精神分析理论对于西方文学批评以及中国文学批评的影响。第二章阐述了弗洛伊德的精神分析理论中的三大主要理论,其中包括意识与无意识、人格结构(木我、自我和超我)以及死亡本能。第三章从三个方面阐述了海明威死亡意识的形成过程。一、海明威童年时期受其祖父及父亲“死亡”的影响而形成的无意识死亡观。二、成年之后的海明威在参加世界大战期间以及过后对其死亡意识造成的影响。三、海明威中老年时期对于死亡地更深层次地探索,以及社会环境对其死亡意识造成的影响。第四章联系弗洛伊德人格结构理论分析海明威作品中死亡意识的发展过程。一、以《印第安营地》、《杀人者》为例,探讨海明威作品中的人格本我意识,揭示了海明威初期面对死亡,对死亡的一种恐惧心理。二、以《太阳照常升起》、《永别了,武器》两部作品为例,探讨其作品中的人格自我意识,揭示了海明威在战争年代对死亡产生一种淡漠无力的消极悲观态度。三、以《乞力马扎罗的雪》、《老人与海》为例,探讨海明威作品中的人格超我意识,揭示了海明威“死亡观”一个质的飞跃,即超越死亡,走向永恒。第五章联系弗洛伊德死亡本能理论分析以上六部作品,探讨海明威作品中死亡意识的变化特征。一、在《印第安营地》和《杀人者》中,海明威对死亡充满了孩帝般的天真无邪,他认为“他永远不会死”。二、在《太阳照常升起》和《永别了,武器》中,海明威笔下的主人公经历了战争(或者说出于海明威经历了战争和死亡),无论身体上还是心灵上,都布满了创伤。海明威褪去了孩提时的天真和对生活的幻想。他勇敢地面对战争和死亡,但却感到孤立无援。他认为,人类能够勇敢地面对死亡,但却无法战胜死亡。三、在《乞力马扎罗的雪》和《老人与海》中,海明威不仅敢于直面死亡,同时他坚信,人类处于优势地位。尽管人类无法征服死亡,但却可以从精神上战胜死亡,实现人生价值。第六章为论文的结论部分。根据弗洛伊德精神分析理论对海明成作品中的“死亡意识”进行的重新解读,对海明威作品背后的死亡哲学有了一个更深刻的理解。海明威对生死表现出了超然的态度和达观的境界。他认为,每个人都应该勇敢地直视死亡,克服对死亡的恐惧,以最大限度地实现生命与存在的价值。这就是死亡的壮美与尊严。这样,人类战胜了死亡,成为死亡的主人,实现了人生价值。
[Abstract]:Ernest Miller Hemingway (Ernest Miller Hemingway), as one of the most representative "lost generation" novelists in the United States in the twentieth Century, has a great reputation for his novels. Besides the writing style of his "iceberg principle" and the concise language of "telegraphic style", the most important thing is that he is in his works. The constant exploration of the theme of death and the successful creation of countless "hard men" images reveals the cognitive process of "death" by Hemingway himself.
Hemingway's novel not only involves some sporadic phenomena of death, but a profound embodiment of his philosophy of death. In his five novels, a novella, a script, and eighty-one short texts, he talks about the plot of death or death related to death. Hemingway wants to experience his own experience and work. To show to the world his metaphysical thinking about the problem of death, he put forward a view of life, values and the outlook of death, "the death has a kind of beauty", "live, and live bravely". He emphasizes the spirit of "hard man" to face death.
"Life is a lonely struggle, a passion for action," Hemingway said. "There is no sense or reason behind him. In life, nothing is explained, improved or saved, and can not really put forward or solve any problem. People can only be angry or dead or sadly on the fence of life." On the surface, he focuses on writing a series of phenomena of man's fear of death, evasion, hesitation, writing of death, death with the kiss of the skin, the face to face negotiations with death, and the failure of the negotiations, to be the only experience of all times, but in reality, it is not only for death to write death, but to manifest the meaning of existence. Meaning, the value of life, highlights the strong tension of the will of life. In his view, the most important thing is not the irresistible nature of the consciousness of death, but the beauty of the lofty beauty of the human tragedy before death and the greatest value of life. Death is the negation of life, and this just strengthens the aesthetic value and significance of life. The denial of life has brought a glitzy beauty to death.
This article tries to interpret the process of the formation of Hemingway's "death consciousness" and its influence on his works, according to Freud's psychoanalytic theory and Hemingway's life experience full of legendary life, as well as the influence of Hemingway's "death consciousness", as well as his representative works of the different periods of Indian, the murderer, the sun. As usual, "farewell," farewell, weapon >, "the snow of Kilimanjaro" and "the old man and the sea" are based on the concrete connotation of the dead philosophy behind his works, and tries to understand and understand Hemingway and his works from a new angle.
The first chapter first introduces Hemingway's life experience and his main works. Then it introduces the research background of this thesis and the research on the death consciousness in Hemingway's works both at home and abroad. Finally, it introduces the influence of Freud's psychoanalytic theory on Western literary criticism and Chinese literary criticism.
The second chapter expounds the three main theories of Freud's psychoanalytic theory, including consciousness and unconsciousness, personality structure (wood, ego and superego) and death instinct.
The third chapter expounds the formation process of Hemingway's death consciousness from three aspects. 1, the unconscious death concept formed by Hemingway's grandfather and father's "death" in his childhood. Two, Hemingway's influence on his death awareness during and after the world war. Three, in the middle and old age of Hemingway The deeper exploration of death and the influence of social environment on the consciousness of death.
The fourth chapter analyzes the development process of the death consciousness in Hemingway's works with Freud's personality structure theory. First, take the Indian camp, the murderer as an example, to explore the personality and the ego consciousness in Hemingway's works, reveal the fear of death in the early stage of Hemingway, and two, "rise above the sun as usual", "farewell, weapon" The two works, for example, explore the personality self consciousness in his works, and reveal Hemingway's indifferent and negative pessimistic attitude towards death in the war years. Three, taking the snow of Kilimanjaro, the old man and the sea as an example, to explore the personality superego consciousness in Hemingway's works, and to reveal a qualitative leap in Hemingway's "view of death". That is to go beyond death to eternity.
The fifth chapter analyzes the above six works with Freud's death instinct theory and explores the changes in the consciousness of death in Hemingway's works. First, in the Indian camp and the murderer, Hemingway is full of childlike innocence about death. He thinks "he will never die". Two, in the sun, "rising > and" farewell, weapons > Hemingway's hero has gone through war (or Hemingway has gone through war and death), both physically and mentally, full of trauma. Hemingway fades the innocence of childhood and fantasies about life. He is brave ground against war and death, but feels lonely. He thinks that man can brave the ground. Three, in "the snow of Kilimanjaro" and "the old man and the sea", Hemingway not only dared to face death, but also believed that human beings were in the dominant position. Although human beings could not conquer death, they could overcome death in spirit and realize the value of life.
The sixth chapter is the conclusion of the thesis. According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the reinterpretation of "the consciousness of death" in the works of Hai Ming Cheng has a more profound understanding of the death philosophy behind Hemingway's works. Hemingway shows a transcendent attitude and a realm of dignity for life and death. He believes that everyone should be brave. Dare to look directly at death, overcome the fear of death, to maximize the value of life and existence. This is the beauty and dignity of death. In this way, human beings have conquered death, become the masters of death, and realize the value of life.
【学位授予单位】：长江大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：I712.074

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