根与路：厄德里克的灾难生存书写研究

发布时间：2018-08-31 18:50

【摘要】：路易丝·厄德里克(Louise Erdrich,1954-)是美国著名的奥吉布瓦作家,也是美国当代最重要的小说家之一。从20世纪80年代在美国文坛崭露头角,截至目前,厄德里克已先后出版了小说13部、儿童读物5部、诗歌集3部和回忆录2部。这些作品为厄德里克赢得了包括美国国家图书奖在内的十余项大奖。国外学界从叙事学、本土文化、后殖民、女性主义、生态主义、谱系学等多个角度切入讨论了其小说的主题与艺术,特别是她1996年之前的小说。本文聚焦于厄德里克1996年之后创作的八部小说,讨论厄德里克小说中的“灾难生存”主题。选择1996年之后的文本,除了想绕避开前期作品研究者众、研究成果多,还有一个重要原因,即,厄德里克与多瑞斯1996年离婚、多瑞斯1997年自杀身亡,这为二人曾在诸多采访中一直津津乐道的“合作式写作”划上了永远的句点。而之所以选择“灾难生存”作为考量厄德里克后期创作的出发点,因为厄德里克曾在采访中强调,“当代土著作家有着与我所提及的其他作家截然不同的任务。鉴于巨大的损失,他们必须讲述当代生存者的故事,这样既能保护又能颂扬灾难之后留存下来的各种文化内核。” 论文分为绪论、1-5章和结语共7个部分：绪论部分从美国印第安文学复兴与厄德里克的文学创作、厄德里克在美国和中国大陆的研究现状、本论文的基本思路和主要内容三方面展开。论文的1-4章分别选取了厄德里克的《小无马保留地奇事的最后报告》、《四灵魂》、《彩色鼓》和《踩影游戏》作为研究文本,这四部小说分别呈示了奥吉布瓦人在巨大的宗教灾难、土地灾难、创伤灾难和虚构灾难下的生存策略,对应的分别是跨界与杂糅、对话与融合、记忆与回归、反抗与重塑。透过这些生存策略,我们在看到厄德里克对白人文化的吸纳的同时,更多看到了她对奥吉布瓦本族文化的坚守。第5章“温迪戈故事：厄德里克的灾难生存书写模式”则主要以厄德里克1996年后创作的八部小说为研究对象,尤其是《羚羊妻》、《鸽灾》和《圆屋》,重点探讨小说中的“温迪戈人物”和“温迪戈口下的生存”。在厄德里克这里,温迪戈既是论文前四章所讨论过的泛化灾难,也是具体的人物再现。通过复兴奥吉布瓦文化中古老的“温迪戈”,厄德里克使自己的当代语境写作同奥吉布瓦传统文化再次发生了联系,实现了除前四章中的奥吉布瓦宗教、土地观复兴之外的奥吉布瓦讲故事传统的复兴。“结语：厄德里克写作的意义”则从“对奥吉布瓦传统文化的复兴”和“走向少数族文学写作”两方面展开,认为厄德里克以一种抗拒主流、抗拒权威、在边缘怒放的姿态写作。在这场怒放式的写作中,厄德里克在为践行自我所言的“保护和颂扬灾难之后留存下来的各种文化内核”的同时,走向了德勒兹和瓜塔里所推崇的“少数族文学”。本论文标题中的“生存”一词所借用的是美国土著奥吉布瓦族理论家杰拉德·维泽勒(Gerald Vizenor,1934-)的“生存”(survivance)‘概念。在具体文本分析中,论文还将结合奥吉布瓦历史和文化,巴巴的“阈限空间”、克鲁斯和拉卡普拉的创伤理论、哈布瓦赫的“记忆”理论和鲍德里亚的“拟象”对本文解读厄德里克的小说亦有诸多启示意义。研究方法主要是文本细读与比较研究。厄德里克的小说虽然浓墨于对奥吉布瓦人生存现状的思考和生存途径的探索,但这种思考和探索对于我们这些奥吉布瓦人之外的人同样意义重大。一定程度上,奥吉布瓦人的困境折射出了当代以美国为主导的现代文明进程路上的诸多问题：当代美国社会的日益商业化、人们精神世界的日益平面化、人与人情感的日益淡漠化、人之欲望的越来越膨胀化,正如同奥吉布瓦古老文化中的“温迪戈”一样伺机以待。作为局外人的我们也应时刻谨防“温迪戈”：既不要成为“温迪戈”,也不要被“温迪戈”吃掉。此为厄德里克小说创作的现实意义,也是本论文对其小说中的“灾难生存”进行研究的现实意义。
[Abstract]:Louise Erdrich (1954 -) is a famous American writer of Ogibwa and one of the most important contemporary American novelists. Since the 1980s, he has published 13 novels, 5 children's books, 3 poetry collections and 2 memoirs. These works are Ed's works. Rick has won more than ten awards, including the National Book Award. Foreign scholars have discussed the themes and art of her novels from the perspectives of narratology, native culture, post-colonialism, feminism, ecology and genealogy, especially her novels before 1996. The novel discusses the theme of "disaster survival" in Erdric's novels. In addition to avoiding the researchers of his earlier works, the text after 1996 has a lot of research results, but also an important reason, that is, Erdric and Doris divorced in 1996, Doris committed suicide in 1997, which they have been enjoying in many interviews. "Collaborative Writing" has drawn an eternal stop. The reason for choosing "disaster survival" as the starting point for considering Erdrick's later works is that, in an interview, Erdrick emphasized that "contemporary indigenous writers have a very different task from the other writers I have mentioned. Given the enormous losses, they have to tell about contemporary times. The story of survivors can protect and celebrate the various cultural cores remaining after the disaster.
The thesis is divided into 1-5 parts: introduction, the 7 chapter and the conclusion.
In the introduction part, the author starts from three aspects: American Indian Literature Renaissance and Erdrick's literary creation, Erdrick's research status in the United States and mainland China, the basic ideas and main contents of this paper.
Chapters 1-4 of the paper select Erdrik's "The Last Report of the Little Underhorse Retention", "The Four Souls", "The Color Drum" and "The Stepping Shadow Game" as the research texts. These four novels show the survival strategies of the Ogibwa people under the great religious, land, traumatic and fictional disasters respectively, corresponding to the transboundary. Through these survival strategies, we can see Erdric's absorption of the white culture and her adherence to the Ogilva culture.
Chapter 5, The Wendigo Story: The Writing Pattern of Erdric's Disaster Survival, focuses on the eight novels written by Erdric after 1996, especially The Wife of the Antelope, The Pigeon Scourge and The Round House, focusing on the Wendigo characters and the survival of Wendigo. By reviving the ancient "Wendigo" in the Ogibwa culture, Erdrick reconnected his contemporary context writing with the traditional culture of Ogibwa, realizing the revival of the Ogibwa religion and the concept of land in addition to the Ogibwa religion in the first four chapters. "Conclusion: The Significance of Erdric's Writing" begins with "Revival of Ogibwa's Traditional Culture" and "Towards Minority Literary Writing." Erdric writes with a posture of resisting the mainstream, resisting authority and blooming on the edge. In this blooming style of writing, Erdric writes. While practicing what I call "the preservation and glorification of the various cultural cores that have survived the disaster", I went to the "minority literature" advocated by Deleuze and Guatari.
The term "survival" in the title of this paper borrows the concept of "survival" by Gerald Vizenor (1934 -), an American native Augibwa theorist. In the specific text analysis, the paper will also combine the history and culture of Augibwa, Barba's "threshold space", Cruise and Lakapra's creation. The theory of injury, Habwach's "memory" theory and Baudrillard's "imagery" also have a lot of Enlightenment on the interpretation of Erdric's novels.
Although Erdrik's novels are deeply inked with the thinking of the present situation of the Ogibwa people and the exploration of their ways of survival, this thinking and exploration is equally significant to us who are outside the Ogibwa people. Multiple problems: the increasing commercialization of contemporary American society, the growing flatness of people's spiritual world, the growing indifference of people's emotions, and the growing expansion of people's desires, just like the "Wendigo" in the ancient culture of Ogibwa waiting for opportunity. For "Wendigo", do not be eaten by "Wendigo". This is the practical significance of Erdrick's novel creation, and also the practical significance of this paper to study the "disaster survival" in his novel.
【学位授予单位】：北京外国语大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：I712.074

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