宋代家禽养殖与消费研究

发布时间：2018-01-22 11:31

本文关键词： 宋代家禽养殖消费　出处：《陕西师范大学》2015年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：宋代是我国古代畜牧经济发展的一个重要阶段,作为畜牧业重要分支的家禽饲养业蓬勃发展。长期以来,史学界对于鸡、鸭、鹅等家禽关注较少,为此笔者将宋代的家禽养殖业作为本文的研究对象,以期弥补宋代畜牧业研究的不足。两宋时期,家禽饲养业盛极一时。鸡成为民间家庭普遍饲养的家禽,且南北方堪称兴盛。由于自然条件的限制,鹅、鸭的饲养重心在南方。江南地区,气候湿润,江河纵横,湖泊、池塘星罗棋布,水域宽广,饲养鹅、鸭等水禽的自然条件得天独厚。农户们因地制宜,大力饲养鹅、鸭,并出现了大规模养殖鹅、鸭的专业户。鹅、鸭养殖业走上了专业化、商品化的道路,成为农民家庭收入的重要来源之一。日益发达的家禽养殖业不但为人民生活提供肉、蛋等营养丰富的食品,而且为宋代下层普通百姓带来了众多效益。例如,禽类的羽毛可以用来制作毛笔、棉被等日常之物,对宋人的生活大有裨益。此外,馈赠家禽也成为宋人表达情谊的一种特殊方式。伴随着家禽养殖业的发展,在长期的驯养实践中,我国古代劳动人民积累了丰富的饲养与繁育技术经验。时至宋代,我国的家禽养殖技术有很多创造性的发展。宋人在吸取前人经验的基础上,在家鸭失去抱孵性、提高禽蛋的生产能力以及斗鸡饲养方面有了一定的认识,并创造发明了人工强制换羽技术以及人工孵化技术。特别是人工孵化技术的诞生,是我国古代家禽养殖史上的一次历史性飞跃。消费是实现社会再生产的重要环节之一,对促进社会生产发挥着重要作用。研究消费问题,一方面有利于研究人民的生活水平；另一方面有助于我们正确认识消费在社会经济生活中的重要作用。宋代是中国古代经济发展的第二个高峰,城市经济兴盛,农村草市镇迅速发展,人们对包括家禽在内的肉食品消费在宋人日常生活中所占比例逐渐增加。加之宋代的烹饪技艺已日臻成熟,酒店、食肆等饮食行业蓬勃发展,家禽肉食品被用来制成各式各样的肉禽类菜肴,大大丰富了宋人的饮食生活。但这些色香味俱全的珍馐美馔只能由达官贵人、富绅巨富来享用,并且他们对家禽肉食品的消费量相当可观。文人士大夫钟爱只鸡斗酒的享乐,黄鸡与白酒是他们乐此不疲的待客之道。相比之下,穷苦百姓、下里巴人将家禽视为待客的首选食肴,日常生活中甚至无福享用。此外,家禽与特定节日、人生礼俗、市民娱乐生活、祭祀占卜等息息相关,对宋代社会产生了重要影响。同时,宋人对家禽的食补与药用价值也有一定的认识,在其性味、功用、治验方面的研究远远超越前代。鸡在民间有“济世良药”的美称,鸡肉、鸡蛋、鸡肝、鸡肠、鸡肫、鸡血、鸡粪、鸡翎等都是治病良药。而鹅、鸭在医疗方面的药用价值也不容小觑。总之,宋人追求饮食的科学与健康,在关注家禽肉食品的滋补功能与药用价值的同时,也重视肉食禁忌所造成的危害,讲究节制饮食。
[Abstract]:Song Dynasty is an important stage of the development of the ancient livestock economy in China. As an important branch of animal husbandry, the poultry breeding industry has been booming. For a long time, the scholars of history paid little attention to poultry such as chicken, duck, goose and so on. In order to make up for the deficiency of the research on animal husbandry in Song Dynasty, the poultry breeding industry was very popular in Song Dynasty, and the chicken was widely raised by folk families. And the north and south can be called prosperity. Due to the restrictions of natural conditions, the breeding center of geese and ducks in the south. Jiangnan region, humid climate, rivers, lakes, ponds, wide waters, feeding geese. The natural conditions of ducks and other waterfowl are unique. The farmers have adopted the road of specialization and commercialization in raising geese and ducks in large scale, especially in raising geese and ducks according to local conditions. The increasingly developed poultry industry not only provides people with nutritious food such as meat and eggs, but also brings a lot of benefits to the ordinary people in the lower levels of the Song Dynasty. Poultry feathers can be used to make brushes, quilts and other daily things, which is of great benefit to the life of the Song people. In addition, the gift of poultry has become a special way to express their friendship. In the long-term domestication practice, the ancient laboring people of our country accumulated rich experience in raising and breeding techniques. There are a lot of creative development of poultry breeding technology in our country. On the basis of absorbing the previous experience, the people of Song Dynasty lost the hatching ability of ducks at home, improved the production capacity of poultry eggs and raised certain understanding of chicken breeding. And the invention of artificial forced molting technology and artificial hatching technology, especially the birth of artificial hatching technology. It is a historic leap in the history of poultry farming in ancient China. Consumption is one of the important links to realize social reproduction and plays an important role in promoting social production. On the one hand, it is advantageous to study the living standard of the people; On the other hand, it helps us to correctly understand the important role of consumption in social and economic life. The Song Dynasty was the second peak of economic development in ancient China. People's consumption of meat, including poultry, gradually increased in the daily life of the Song Dynasty. In addition, the cooking skills of the Song Dynasty have matured, hotels, restaurants and other catering industry flourished. Poultry food is used to make a wide variety of meat and poultry dishes, greatly enriched the diet of the people of Song, but these delicious delicacies can only be enjoyed by officials, gentry and rich. And their consumption of poultry food is considerable. Literati officials love the enjoyment of chicken wine, yellow chicken and white wine is their way of hospitality. By contrast, poor people. In addition, poultry is closely related to certain festivals, customs, public entertainment, sacrifice, divination and so on. At the same time, the Song people also have a certain understanding of the value of poultry food and medicine, in its sexual taste, function. The research on treatment and inspection far exceeds the previous generation. Chickens have the reputation of "good medicine for the world," chicken, eggs, chicken liver, chicken intestines, chicken gizzard, chicken blood, chicken dung, chicken feathers are all good medicine. In short, the Song people pursue the science and health of diet, pay attention to the nourishing function and medicinal value of poultry meat food, but also attach importance to the harm caused by meat taboos. Be careful with your diet.
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：S83;K244

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