奶牛乳区温度影响因素及与乳房炎的关系研究

发布时间：2018-06-02 13:12

本文选题：乳房炎 + 乳区温度　；参考：《中国农业科学院》2015年硕士论文

【摘要】：本论文由四个试验组成,试验一研究了挤奶前后奶牛后乳区皮肤温度的变化规律及其影响因素,确定了采集奶牛乳区红外热图像的适合时间点;试验二研究了奶牛乳区皮肤温度的日变化规律及环境温度对乳区皮肤温度的影响。试验三研究了季节和奶牛胎次对乳区皮肤温度的影响;试验四通过研究乳区皮肤平均温度和最大温度与牛乳体细胞数的关系,确定了乳区皮肤最大温度作为检测乳房炎乳区温度变化的敏感温度指标;提出了应用左右乳区温度差值检测隐性乳房炎乳区的方法,并检验了此方法检测隐性乳房炎的准确性。试验一研究了挤奶前后奶牛左后乳区和右后乳区皮肤温度的变化规律及其影响因素。试验期间,分别于挤奶前15~30 min和挤奶后25~40 min采集102头健康中国荷斯坦奶牛的左后乳区和右后乳区的红外热图像,并记录产奶量和挤奶厅及牛舍的环境温湿度。应用红外热图像分析软件对乳区红外热图像进行分析,选择乳头基部上方5 cm的位置为圆心划圆,得到圆域内的平均温度和最大温度,分别作为乳区皮肤平均温度和最大温度指标。试验结果表明,无论挤奶之前还是挤奶之后,健康奶牛左后乳区和右后乳区皮肤温度之间差异不显著(P0.05),左右乳区温度呈对称分布的特征。无论左后乳区还是右后乳区,挤奶后的乳区皮肤温度比挤奶前的乳区皮肤温度显著升高1.0℃以上(P0.05)。产奶量与挤奶后的奶牛乳区皮肤温度具有正相关关系,与挤奶前的奶牛乳区皮肤温度无相关性。产奶量水平对挤奶前的奶牛乳区皮肤温度没有显著影响(P0.05),但是随着产奶量的增加,乳区皮肤温度有升高的趋势;产奶量水平对挤奶后的奶牛乳区皮肤温度具有显著影响(P0.05),具有较高产奶量水平的奶牛乳区皮肤温度比具有较低产奶量水平的奶牛乳区皮肤温度高1.0℃以上(P0.05)。试验二研究了奶牛乳区皮肤温度的日变化规律和环境温度对奶牛乳区皮肤平均温度和最大温度的影响。于2014年8月13日~8月18日,连续六天采集25头健康中国荷斯坦奶牛的左后乳区和右后乳区的红外热图像,每天分别于上午、下午和晚上挤奶之前至少20 min在挤奶厅进行乳区红外热图像采集。应用红外热图像分析软件对乳区红外热图像进行分析,选择乳头基部上方5 cm的位置为圆心划圆,得到圆域内的平均温度和最大温度,分别作为乳区皮肤平均温度和最大温度指标。试验结果表明,不同挤奶时间点间奶牛乳区皮肤平均温度、最大温度具有显著差异,下午和晚上挤奶时乳区皮肤温度显著高于上午挤奶时的乳区皮肤温度,下午和晚上挤奶时的乳区皮肤温度之间差异不显著。环境温度对奶牛乳区皮肤平均温度、最大温度具有显著影响,乳区皮肤温度随着环境温度的升高而升高。试验三研究了季节和奶牛胎次及其二者的交互作用对乳区皮肤温度的影响。试验期间,分别于春、夏、秋、冬四个季节典型气候条件下,采集处于不同胎次的健康中国荷斯坦奶牛的左后和右后乳区的红外热图像,并进行乳区皮肤温度测定,共测定了2636头奶牛。采样过程中,均在上午挤奶前采集乳区红外热图像,并同时记录牛舍的环境温湿度。应用红外热图像分析软件对乳区红外热图像进行分析,选择乳头基部上方5 cm的位置为圆心划圆,测定得到乳区皮肤平均温度和最大温度。试验结果表明,不同季节条件下,奶牛左后乳区和右后乳区皮肤温度之间差异不显著(P0.05),左右乳区皮肤温度呈对称分布的特征。季节和胎次及其二者的交互作用对乳区皮肤温度具有显著影响(P0.05)。从冬季、秋季、春季到夏季,乳区皮肤平均温度依次显著升高(P0.05),乳区皮肤最大温度也呈现相似的变化趋势,但升高的幅度相对较小。在春季、夏季和秋季,1胎次奶牛乳区皮肤平均温度及最大温度最高;在冬季,3胎次奶牛乳区皮肤平均温度及最大温度最高。试验四研究了乳区皮肤温度与牛乳体细胞数的关系及应用左右温度差值检测隐性乳房炎乳区的可行性。于上午挤奶之前在挤奶厅采集了77头中国荷斯坦奶牛的左后乳区和右后乳区的红外热图像,用于乳区皮肤温度的测定,并同时采集对应乳区的50 mL牛奶样品进行牛乳体细胞数的测定。应用红外热图像软件分析乳区红外热图像,选择乳头基部上方5 cm的位置为圆心,计算得到圆域内的平均温度和最大温度,分别作为乳区皮肤平均温度和最大温度指标。试验结果显示:体细胞数高于50万/mL组的奶牛乳区平均温度比体细胞数低于50万/mL组的奶牛乳区高1.53℃,体细胞数30~50万/mL组的奶牛乳区皮肤最大温度比体细胞数小于30万/mL组的奶牛乳区高1.02℃。乳区皮肤最大温度与牛乳体细胞数之间具有强相关关系(r=0.64),而乳区皮肤平均温度与体细胞数之间具有弱相关关系(r=0.36)。对于体细胞数(Somatic Cell Count,SCC)小于30万/mL的乳区而言,乳区皮肤平均温度及最大温度与牛乳体细胞数之间无相关关系;对于SCC30万/mL的乳区而言,乳区皮肤平均温度与SCC具有弱相关关系(r=0.39),乳区皮肤最大温度与SCC具有强相关关系(r=0.75)。结果表明,在SCC30万/mL时,应用IRT可以检测到乳区皮肤最大温度升高1.02℃;在SCC50万/mL时,应用IRT可以检测到乳区皮肤平均温度升高1.53℃。因此为了在牛乳体细胞数升高的情况下,及早检测到乳区皮肤温度的升高,选择乳区皮肤最大温度作为检测隐性乳房炎的温度指标具有较高的灵敏度。以SCC30万/mL作为判断隐性乳房炎的标准,试验奶牛共有39个乳区发生隐性乳房炎,以左右乳区温度差值超过1.0℃作为检测隐性乳房炎的方法,可以检出23个隐性乳房炎乳区,检出率为58.97%,漏检率为41.03%,误诊率为0。对于单侧乳区发生乳房炎的奶牛的检出率为90.48%,对于两侧均发生乳房炎的奶牛的检出率为44.44%。结论:产奶量对挤奶之后的奶牛乳区皮肤温度具有显著影响,而且挤奶之后的乳区皮肤温度随着产奶量的增加而升高,因此为了减少产奶量对乳区皮肤温度的影响,准确检测到乳腺炎症反应引起的乳区皮肤温度的升高,应该在挤奶之前采集奶牛乳区红外热图像,进行乳区皮肤温度测定。季节和奶牛胎次及其二者的交互作用对乳区皮肤温度具有显著影响,因此在建立奶牛乳区温度阈值及预测乳区皮肤温度时,需要考虑季节和奶牛胎次的影响。健康奶牛左后乳区和右后乳区皮肤温度之间差异不显著,左右乳区皮肤温度呈对称分布特征,左右乳区皮肤温度温差不受日节律、环境温度及奶牛生理因素的影响,且左右乳区温度温差绝对值小于1.0℃,通过比较左右乳区皮肤温度温差可以检测出乳区温度升高一侧的乳区,以此可以判断该侧乳区发炎。
[Abstract]:This paper consists of four experiments. The experiment first studied the changes in the skin temperature of the dairy cows after milking and the influencing factors, and determined the appropriate time points for the infrared thermal images of dairy cows. Two the daily changes of the skin temperature in dairy cows and the influence of the ambient temperature on the skin temperature of the dairy area were studied. The experiment three The effect of season and cow parity on the skin temperature of milk region was studied. In Experiment four, the relationship between the average temperature and the maximum temperature of the milk area and the number of milk body cells was studied. The maximum temperature of the skin in the dairy area was determined as the sensitive temperature index of the temperature change in the milk region of the mastitis. The method of milk area of mastitis was used to test the accuracy of the detection of recessive mastitis. On the one hand, the changes of skin temperature in the left posterior and right posterior dairy areas of dairy cows were studied and the influence factors were studied. During the experiment, 102 healthy Chinese Holstein cows were collected at 15~30 min before milking and after milking, respectively. The infrared thermal image of milk region and right back milk region was recorded, and the temperature and humidity of milk production and milking hall and cow house were recorded. Infrared thermal image of milk region was analyzed by infrared thermal image analysis software. The location of 5 cm above the base of the nipple was round, and the average temperature and maximum temperature in the circle area were obtained, respectively, as the average skin of the dairy area. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the skin temperature between the left posterior and right posterior dairy areas of healthy dairy cows, no matter before milking or after milking, and the temperature of the left and right dairy areas had a symmetrical distribution. The skin temperature in the dairy area after milking was better than the milk area before milking, no matter in the left posterior or right back milk region. The skin temperature increased significantly above 1 degrees (P0.05). The milk yield was positively correlated with the skin temperature of dairy cow area after milking, and there was no correlation with the skin temperature of dairy cows before milking. Milk production level had no significant effect on the skin temperature of dairy cows before milking (P0.05), but with the increase of milk production, the skin temperature of dairy area was increased. The level of milk production has a significant effect on the skin temperature of dairy cow area after milking (P0.05). The skin temperature of dairy cows with high milk production level is higher than that of dairy cows with lower milk production level by 1 degrees centigrade (P0.05). Test two studies the daily changes of skin temperature and environmental temperature in dairy cows. The influence of degree on the average temperature and maximum temperature of the skin of dairy cows. On the 18 ~8 month of August 13, 2014, the infrared thermal images of 25 healthy Chinese Holstein cows in the left posterior and right back milk regions were collected for six days. The infrared thermal image of the milk region was collected at least 20 min in the milking hall in the morning, afternoon and evening milking, respectively. Infrared thermal image analysis software was used to analyze the infrared thermal image of the milk region. The 5 cm position above the base of the nipple was selected as the circle of the center. The average temperature and maximum temperature in the circle area were obtained as the average temperature and maximum temperature of the skin in the milk region. The results showed that the average temperature of the skin of dairy cows in different milking time points was different. In the afternoon and evening milking, the skin temperature of the dairy area was significantly higher than the milking skin temperature in the morning and the milking in the morning, and there was no significant difference in the skin temperature between the milking area and the milking area in the afternoon and evening. The effects of the interaction between the seasons and the cows' parity and their two groups on the skin temperature of the dairy area were studied in experiment three. During the test, the infrared thermal images of the left behind and right back milk regions of the healthy Chinese Holstein cows at different parity were collected under the typical climatic conditions in the four seasons of spring, summer, autumn and winter. A total of 2636 cows were measured in the milk area. During the sampling process, infrared thermal images were collected before milking in the morning, and the ambient temperature and humidity of the cows were recorded at the same time. Infrared thermal image analysis software was used to analyze the infrared thermal image of the milk region. The location of 5 cm above the base of the nipple was chosen as the circle of the center of the center. The average temperature and maximum temperature of the skin were found. The results showed that there was no significant difference in skin temperature between the left rear milk region and the right posterior milk region in different seasons (P0.05), and the skin temperature in the left and right dairy areas was symmetrical. The interaction of the seasons and parity and the two groups had a significant effect on the skin temperature of the dairy region (P0.05). In autumn, from spring to summer, the average skin temperature in the dairy region increased significantly (P0.05), and the maximum skin temperature in the milk region also showed a similar trend, but the increase was relatively small. In spring, summer and autumn, the average temperature and maximum temperature of the skin of the 1 milking cows were the highest. In winter, the average temperature of the skin in the dairy area of the 3 parity cows and the most was the most. The relationship between the skin temperature of the dairy area and the number of milk body cells and the feasibility of using the difference between the left and right temperature differences to detect the milk region of the occult mastitis were studied in Experiment four. The red external heat images of 77 Chinese Holstein cows in the left back and right back milk areas were collected in the milking hall before milking, and used for the measurement of the skin temperature in the milk region. At the same time, 50 mL milk samples of the corresponding milk region were collected to determine the number of milk body cells. Infrared thermal images were used to analyze the infrared thermal image in the milk region. The 5 cm position above the base of the nipple was selected as the center. The average temperature and maximum temperature in the circle area were calculated, and the average temperature and maximum temperature of the skin were measured respectively. The results showed that the average temperature of the milk region of the dairy cows with body cell number higher than that of the 500 thousand /mL group was 1.53 degrees centigrade higher than that of the cow's milk area of the 500 thousand /mL group. The maximum skin temperature of the dairy area of the milk region of the somatic cell number 30~50 million /mL was 1.02 degrees higher than the milk area of the cow with the number of body cells less than the group of the body less than the group of 300 thousand /mL. The maximum skin temperature of the milk region and the number of milk body cells were between the milk region. There is a strong correlation (r=0.64), but there is a weak correlation between the average temperature of the skin and the number of somatic cells (r=0.36). There is no correlation between the average temperature and the maximum temperature of the skin in the milk region of Somatic Cell Count, SCC and less than 300 thousand /mL; for SCC30 million /mL milk region, milk region is not related to the milk region. The average skin temperature of the region has a weak correlation with SCC (r=0.39), and the maximum skin temperature in the dairy region has a strong correlation with SCC (r=0.75). The results show that the maximum temperature of the skin can be detected by IRT at SCC30 10000 /mL, and the maximum temperature of the skin can be increased by 1.02 degrees C, and the average temperature of the skin in the milk region can be detected by IRT at SCC50 10000 /mL, so that the average temperature of the skin area can be detected by 1.53. In the case of the increase of the number of cow's body cells, the increase of the skin temperature of the milk region was detected early. The maximum temperature of the skin of the milk region was selected as the temperature index for detecting the recessive mastitis. The standard of SCC30 ten thousand /mL was used as the criterion to judge the recessive mastitis. There were 39 recessive mastitis in the dairy area, and the milk was left and right. As a method of detecting recessive mastitis, 23 recessive mastitis areas could be detected, the detection rate was 58.97%, the rate of misdiagnosis was 41.03%, the rate of misdiagnosis rate was 0. for dairy cows in unilateral milk region, the detection rate of dairy cows on both sides was 44.44%.: milk production was 44.44%. After milking, the skin temperature of the dairy area has a significant influence, and the skin temperature after milking increases with the increase of milk production, so in order to reduce the effect of milk production on the skin temperature in the dairy area, the accurate detection of the increase of the skin temperature in the dairy area caused by the breast inflammation reaction should be taken to collect milk area before milking. The temperature of the dairy area and the interaction between the two and the seasons and the cows were significantly affected by the infrared thermal image. Therefore, the influence of the season and the cow parity should be taken into consideration when establishing the temperature threshold of the dairy region and the prediction of the skin temperature in the dairy area. There is no significant difference between the skin temperature and the skin temperature in the left and right regions. The temperature difference of the skin temperature in the left and right regions is not affected by the diurnal rhythm, the environment temperature and the dairy physiological factors, and the absolute value of the temperature temperature difference in the left and right dairy areas is less than 1. It can be used to judge the inflammation in the side of the breast.
【学位授予单位】：中国农业科学院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：S823;S858.23

【参考文献】