发酵床养殖模式对樱桃谷肉鸭养殖环境和免疫功能的影响
发布时间：2018-08-09 07:55
【摘要】：发酵床养殖模式,可以改善樱桃谷肉鸭养殖环境、提高肉鸭生产性能,提高机体免疫功能等作用,对改善肉鸭养殖过程中粪污处理具有重要意义。本试验旨在研究发酵床养殖模式降低鸭舍需氧菌浓度、氨气浓度,改善肉鸭养殖环境,提高肉鸭生产性能。通过与普通网上养殖对照,研究不同养殖模式下其血液免疫细胞、肠道免疫细胞免疫,免疫抗体水平的差异,揭示了发酵床养殖模式促进了樱桃谷肉鸭的养殖环境改善,增强肉鸭免疫免疫能力,提高了肉鸭生产性能,是樱桃谷肉鸭较为理想的养殖模式,为发酵床养殖模式在肉鸭养殖中推广应用,提供理论依据和技术指导。试验选用1日龄樱桃谷肉鸭300只,分成试验组和对照组两个,每个组3个做重复,每个重复50只肉鸭,每组共150只肉鸭,肉鸭生长到10日龄时,在按照肉鸭整齐度均匀分到每个重复组中,试验周期共计42天。试验组为发酵床网上饲养模式的鸭舍,基础饲料中添加微生态制剂,现用现配,当天用完,发酵床每周调整垫料1-2次。对照组为常规网架饲养模式的鸭舍,基础饲料饲喂,粪便处理按照鸭场原有网养方式进行。试验结果如下:试验一、发酵床养殖模式对樱桃谷肉鸭养殖环境的影响1、试验组试验组空气中需氧菌(细菌、真菌)浓度始终变化不大且低于对照组。试验组空气中需氧菌浓度和需氧真菌浓度在生长前期(14-21天)始终变化不大,35-42天时虽有略微升高,但是整体趋势变化不大。而对照组空气中需氧细菌浓度和需氧真菌浓度随着日龄的增长不断上升;试验组氨气浓度基本保持不变,而对照组氨气浓度随日龄增加逐渐增大。经过统计系统查验,试验组和对照组在14-21日龄,肉鸭发酵床圈舍和普通圈舍内氨气浓度差异不显著(P0.05)。21-28日龄,肉鸭发酵床圈舍和普通圈舍内氨气浓度差异显著(P0.05)。28-42日龄,肉鸭发酵床圈舍和普通圈舍内氨气浓度差异极显著(P0.05)。2、试验组的平均日增重显著高于对照组(P0.05);试验组的平均日采食量、料重比显著低于对照组(P0.05);试验组的存活率显著高于对照组(P0.05)。试验二、发酵床养殖模式对樱桃谷肉鸭免疫功能的影响1、法氏囊指数,试验组始终高于对照组,且两组实验的法氏囊指数随着日龄的增加逐渐减小,21日龄法氏囊指数试验组与对照组差不异显著(P㧐0.05),35、42日龄法氏囊指数试验组与对照组差异极显著(P0.01);脾脏指数,试验组始终高于对照组,且两组实验的脾脏指数随着日龄的增加逐渐减小,21日龄脾脏指数试验组与对照组差异不显著(p㧐0.05),35日龄脾脏指数试验组与对照组差异显著(p0.05)、42日龄脾脏指数试验组与对照组差异极其显著(p0.01);胸腺指数,试验组发酵床圈舍饲养肉鸭始终高于对照组普通圈舍饲养肉鸭,随日龄增长两组试验肉鸭的胸腺指数逐渐减小,肉鸭在2l、35、42日龄,两组试验肉鸭的胸腺指数差异极其显著(p0.05);2、巨噬细胞吞噬能力主要表现为吞噬率和吞噬指数,42日龄,试验组发酵床圈舍饲养肉鸭腹腔内巨噬细胞,吞噬率统计结果表现出极显著高于对照组(p0.01),吞噬指数统计结果表现出显著高于对照组(p0.05),证实了发酵床养殖模式可以提高肉鸭腹腔内巨噬细胞的吞噬能力;试验组的t淋巴细胞转化率始终高于对照组,14日龄差异不显著(p0.05),21、28、35、42日龄,试验组t淋巴细胞转化率和对照组差异极显著(p0.01)。试验前期,外周血的t淋巴细胞转化率处于增长状态,后期趋于下降;3、肉鸭十二指肠iel数量,试验组始终高于对照组,在21日龄,试验组发酵床圈舍饲养肉鸭十二指肠iel数量高于对照组,但统计结果差异不显著(p㧐0.05)。35、42日龄,试验组发酵床圈舍饲养肉鸭十二指肠iel数量统计结果表现出差异极其显著高于对照组(p0.01);肉鸭十二指肠肥大细胞数量,试验组始终高于对照组,21、35、42日龄,试验组发酵床圈舍饲养肉鸭十二指肠肥大细胞数量统计结果表现出差异极其显著高于对照组(p0.01);肉鸭十二指肠杯状细胞数量,试验组始终高于对照组,21日龄,试验组发酵床圈舍饲养肉鸭十二指肠杯状细胞数量高于对照组普通养殖圈舍,统计分析差异不显著(p0.05);35、42日龄,试验组发酵床圈舍饲养肉鸭十二指肠杯状细胞数量统计结果表现出显著高于对照组(p0.05)。4、试验组的抗体水平均高于对照组试验组。试验组在28日龄(免疫禽流感疫苗后21天)时达到最高,对照组的抗体水平在21日龄(免疫禽流感疫苗后的14天)后达到最高。在28、35日龄,两组实验的抗体水平差异极显著(p0.01),其他日龄差异不显著。综合以上试验结果:发酵床养殖模式,有效的降低了鸭舍空气中需氧菌和氨气的浓度,改善了鸭舍的环境,促进了肉鸭的增重、降低采食量、料重比,提高成活率,提高了樱桃谷肉鸭的生产性能,促进了免疫器官发育,提高血液中巨噬细胞吞噬能力和T淋巴细胞转化能力,促进了肠黏膜免疫相关细胞生长,提高了禽流感抗体水平,揭示了发酵床养殖模式,能增强鸭群特异性和非特异性免疫能力。发酵床养殖模式能够改善樱桃谷肉鸭养殖环境,提高其生产性能及机体免疫能力,对解决肉鸭养殖过程中粪便污染问题,提高养殖效益具有重要意义。
[Abstract]:The culture mode of fermented bed can improve the breeding environment of cherry valley meat duck, improve the production performance of meat ducks, improve the immune function of the body and so on. It is of great significance to improve the treatment of fecal pollution in the process of meat duck breeding. The production performance of duck was compared with the common net culture, and the difference of blood immune cells, intestinal immune cell immunity and immunization antibody level under different culture models revealed that the fermentation bed culture mode promoted the improvement of the culture environment of Cherry Valley duck, enhanced the immunity of the duck and improved the production performance of meat ducks, and was the cherry valley. The ideal breeding mode of meat duck was used to promote the application of the fermentation bed culture mode in meat duck breeding. It provided the theoretical basis and technical guidance. The experiment selected 300 Cherry Valley ducks 1 days old, divided into the test group and the control group two, each group 3 duplicated, each repeated 50 meat ducks, each group had 150 meat ducks, and the meat ducks grew to 10 days old, at the age of 10 days. According to the uniformity of the meat ducks, the test period was 42 days. The experimental group was the duck house of the fermenting bed and the basic feed was added with the micro ecological preparation. It was used now, the same day was used, the fermentation bed was adjusted 1-2 times a week. The control group was the duck house, the foundation feed and the feces treatment. The experimental results were as follows: Experiment 1, the effect of fermentation bed culture mode on cherry valley meat duck breeding environment was 1. The concentration of aerobic bacteria (bacteria, fungi) in the air of test group changed little and lower than that of the control group. The concentration of aerobic bacteria in the air and the concentration of aerobic fungi in the experimental group were in the early stage of growth (14-21). In the control group, the concentration of aerobic bacteria and the concentration of aerobic fungi increased with the age of age, and the concentration of ammonia in the test group remained unchanged, while the concentration of the ammonia gas in the control group increased gradually with the increase of the age of 35-42. The difference of ammonia concentration in the duck fermented bed and ordinary enclosure was not significant (P0.05).21-28 days of age at the age of 14-21 days, and the difference of ammonia concentration in the duck fermented bed and the ordinary enclosure was significant (P0.05).28-42 days of age, and the difference of ammonia concentration in the duck fermented bed and the ordinary enclosure was very significant (P0.05).2, the average day of the test group. The weight gain was significantly higher than that of the control group (P0.05), the average daily feed intake of the experimental group was significantly lower than that of the control group (P0.05), the survival rate of the experimental group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P0.05). Experiment two, the effect of fermentation bed culture mode on the immune function of cherry valley meat ducks was 1, the bursal index, and the test group was always higher than the control group, and the two groups of FSR. The index of cystic index gradually decreased with the increase of day age. The 21 day old bursal index test group was significantly different from the control group (P? 0.05). The difference between the 35,42 day age bursal index test group and the control group was very significant (P0.01); the spleen index, the experimental group was always higher than the control group, and the spleen index of the two groups gradually decreased with the increase of age, 21 days old. The difference between the spleen index test group and the control group was not significant (P 0.05), the 35 day old spleen index test group was significantly different from the control group (P0.05), the 42 day old spleen index test group was significantly different from the control group (P0.01); the thymus index, the experiment group raised meat ducks in the fermenting bed, was always higher than the control group, with the age of two increasing. The thymus index of meat ducks gradually decreased. The thymus index of meat ducks in the two groups was significantly different (P0.05). 2, the phagocytic ability of the macrophages was mainly phagocytic rate and phagocytosis index, 42 days old. The experiment group raised the peritoneal macrophage of meat ducks in the fermentation bed. The statistical results of the phagocytosis rate were very significant. Higher than the control group (P0.01), the phagocytic index was significantly higher than that of the control group (P0.05), which proved that the fermentation bed culture mode could improve the phagocytosis of peritoneal macrophages in meat ducks, and the transformation rate of T lymphocyte in the test group was always higher than that of the control group, and the difference of 14 days of age was not significant (P0.05), 21,28,35,42 day age, T lymphocyte in the test group. The transformation rate and the control group were significantly different (P0.01). The T lymphocyte transformation rate in the peripheral blood was in the increase state, and then decreased in the later period. 3, the number of IEL in the duodenum of meat ducks was always higher than that of the control group. At the age of 21 days, the number of IEL in the meat ducks in the experiment group was higher than that of the control group, but the statistical difference was not significant. The statistical results of the number of IEL in the duodenum of meat ducks raised in the experimental group were significantly higher than that of the control group (P0.01). The number of mast cells in the duodenum of meat ducks was always higher than that of the control group. The number of duodenal mast cells in the meat ducks was always higher than that of the control group. The number of duodenal mast cells of the ducks in the experimental group was raised in the experimental group, and the number of mast cells in the meat ducks in the experimental group was raised in the experimental group. The number of mast cells in the ducks was raised in the experimental group, and the quantity of the mast cells of the meat ducks in the experimental group was raised in the experimental group. The results showed that the difference was significantly higher than that of the control group (P0.01). The number of duodenal goblet cells in meat ducks was always higher than that of the control group. 21 days old, the number of goblet cells in meat ducks feeding meat ducks in the experimental group was higher than that of the control group, and the analysis difference was not significant (P0.05); 35,42 days of age, the experiment group fermented. The number of duodenal goblet cells in the feeding ducks in the bed enclosure was significantly higher than that of the control group (P0.05).4. The antibody level in the experimental group was higher than that of the control group. The test group reached the highest level at 28 days of age (21 days after the immune avian influenza vaccine), and the antibody in the control group reached 21 days of age (14 days after the immunization of the immune avian influenza vaccine). At the age of 28,35, the difference of antibody level between the two groups was very significant (P0.01), and the difference of other days was not significant. The results of the above experiment: the fermentation bed culture model effectively reduced the concentration of aerobic bacteria and ammonia in the air of the duck house, improved the environment of the duck house, promoted the weight gain of the duck, reduced the feed intake, the feed weight ratio, and raised the survival rate. Rate, improve the production performance of cherry valley meat ducks, promote the development of immune organs, improve the phagocytosis of macrophages and the transformation ability of T lymphocytes in the blood, promote the growth of immune related cells in intestinal mucosa, improve the level of avian influenza antibody, and reveal the culture mode of the fermentation bed, which can enhance the specific and non specific immunity of the duck group. The fermentation bed culture model can improve the breeding environment of cherry valley meat duck, improve its production performance and the immune ability of the body. It is of great significance to solve the problem of fecal pollution and raise the efficiency of the culture in the process of meat duck breeding.
【学位授予单位】：山东农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：S834
本文编号：2173421
[Abstract]:The culture mode of fermented bed can improve the breeding environment of cherry valley meat duck, improve the production performance of meat ducks, improve the immune function of the body and so on. It is of great significance to improve the treatment of fecal pollution in the process of meat duck breeding. The production performance of duck was compared with the common net culture, and the difference of blood immune cells, intestinal immune cell immunity and immunization antibody level under different culture models revealed that the fermentation bed culture mode promoted the improvement of the culture environment of Cherry Valley duck, enhanced the immunity of the duck and improved the production performance of meat ducks, and was the cherry valley. The ideal breeding mode of meat duck was used to promote the application of the fermentation bed culture mode in meat duck breeding. It provided the theoretical basis and technical guidance. The experiment selected 300 Cherry Valley ducks 1 days old, divided into the test group and the control group two, each group 3 duplicated, each repeated 50 meat ducks, each group had 150 meat ducks, and the meat ducks grew to 10 days old, at the age of 10 days. According to the uniformity of the meat ducks, the test period was 42 days. The experimental group was the duck house of the fermenting bed and the basic feed was added with the micro ecological preparation. It was used now, the same day was used, the fermentation bed was adjusted 1-2 times a week. The control group was the duck house, the foundation feed and the feces treatment. The experimental results were as follows: Experiment 1, the effect of fermentation bed culture mode on cherry valley meat duck breeding environment was 1. The concentration of aerobic bacteria (bacteria, fungi) in the air of test group changed little and lower than that of the control group. The concentration of aerobic bacteria in the air and the concentration of aerobic fungi in the experimental group were in the early stage of growth (14-21). In the control group, the concentration of aerobic bacteria and the concentration of aerobic fungi increased with the age of age, and the concentration of ammonia in the test group remained unchanged, while the concentration of the ammonia gas in the control group increased gradually with the increase of the age of 35-42. The difference of ammonia concentration in the duck fermented bed and ordinary enclosure was not significant (P0.05).21-28 days of age at the age of 14-21 days, and the difference of ammonia concentration in the duck fermented bed and the ordinary enclosure was significant (P0.05).28-42 days of age, and the difference of ammonia concentration in the duck fermented bed and the ordinary enclosure was very significant (P0.05).2, the average day of the test group. The weight gain was significantly higher than that of the control group (P0.05), the average daily feed intake of the experimental group was significantly lower than that of the control group (P0.05), the survival rate of the experimental group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P0.05). Experiment two, the effect of fermentation bed culture mode on the immune function of cherry valley meat ducks was 1, the bursal index, and the test group was always higher than the control group, and the two groups of FSR. The index of cystic index gradually decreased with the increase of day age. The 21 day old bursal index test group was significantly different from the control group (P? 0.05). The difference between the 35,42 day age bursal index test group and the control group was very significant (P0.01); the spleen index, the experimental group was always higher than the control group, and the spleen index of the two groups gradually decreased with the increase of age, 21 days old. The difference between the spleen index test group and the control group was not significant (P 0.05), the 35 day old spleen index test group was significantly different from the control group (P0.05), the 42 day old spleen index test group was significantly different from the control group (P0.01); the thymus index, the experiment group raised meat ducks in the fermenting bed, was always higher than the control group, with the age of two increasing. The thymus index of meat ducks gradually decreased. The thymus index of meat ducks in the two groups was significantly different (P0.05). 2, the phagocytic ability of the macrophages was mainly phagocytic rate and phagocytosis index, 42 days old. The experiment group raised the peritoneal macrophage of meat ducks in the fermentation bed. The statistical results of the phagocytosis rate were very significant. Higher than the control group (P0.01), the phagocytic index was significantly higher than that of the control group (P0.05), which proved that the fermentation bed culture mode could improve the phagocytosis of peritoneal macrophages in meat ducks, and the transformation rate of T lymphocyte in the test group was always higher than that of the control group, and the difference of 14 days of age was not significant (P0.05), 21,28,35,42 day age, T lymphocyte in the test group. The transformation rate and the control group were significantly different (P0.01). The T lymphocyte transformation rate in the peripheral blood was in the increase state, and then decreased in the later period. 3, the number of IEL in the duodenum of meat ducks was always higher than that of the control group. At the age of 21 days, the number of IEL in the meat ducks in the experiment group was higher than that of the control group, but the statistical difference was not significant. The statistical results of the number of IEL in the duodenum of meat ducks raised in the experimental group were significantly higher than that of the control group (P0.01). The number of mast cells in the duodenum of meat ducks was always higher than that of the control group. The number of duodenal mast cells in the meat ducks was always higher than that of the control group. The number of duodenal mast cells of the ducks in the experimental group was raised in the experimental group, and the number of mast cells in the meat ducks in the experimental group was raised in the experimental group. The number of mast cells in the ducks was raised in the experimental group, and the quantity of the mast cells of the meat ducks in the experimental group was raised in the experimental group. The results showed that the difference was significantly higher than that of the control group (P0.01). The number of duodenal goblet cells in meat ducks was always higher than that of the control group. 21 days old, the number of goblet cells in meat ducks feeding meat ducks in the experimental group was higher than that of the control group, and the analysis difference was not significant (P0.05); 35,42 days of age, the experiment group fermented. The number of duodenal goblet cells in the feeding ducks in the bed enclosure was significantly higher than that of the control group (P0.05).4. The antibody level in the experimental group was higher than that of the control group. The test group reached the highest level at 28 days of age (21 days after the immune avian influenza vaccine), and the antibody in the control group reached 21 days of age (14 days after the immunization of the immune avian influenza vaccine). At the age of 28,35, the difference of antibody level between the two groups was very significant (P0.01), and the difference of other days was not significant. The results of the above experiment: the fermentation bed culture model effectively reduced the concentration of aerobic bacteria and ammonia in the air of the duck house, improved the environment of the duck house, promoted the weight gain of the duck, reduced the feed intake, the feed weight ratio, and raised the survival rate. Rate, improve the production performance of cherry valley meat ducks, promote the development of immune organs, improve the phagocytosis of macrophages and the transformation ability of T lymphocytes in the blood, promote the growth of immune related cells in intestinal mucosa, improve the level of avian influenza antibody, and reveal the culture mode of the fermentation bed, which can enhance the specific and non specific immunity of the duck group. The fermentation bed culture model can improve the breeding environment of cherry valley meat duck, improve its production performance and the immune ability of the body. It is of great significance to solve the problem of fecal pollution and raise the efficiency of the culture in the process of meat duck breeding.
【学位授予单位】：山东农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：S834
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