我国刑事职业禁止制度研究

发布时间：2018-05-11 00:17

本文选题：刑事职业禁止 + 犯罪预防　；参考：《安徽财经大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：关于行为人因为其犯罪行为而丧失从事某职业的资格,我国存在行政性从业禁止与刑事职业禁止两种制度。行政性从业禁止,在《公司法》、《证券法》、《会计法》与《律师法》等法律中均有所涉及。行为人因其曾经实施的犯罪行为,自动丧失担任某职务或者从事某职业的资格,无需要人民法院作出宣告。刑事职业禁止,是指《刑法修正案(九)》明确规定的行为人因利用自己所从事的职业形成的便利条件实施犯罪,或者犯罪人实施违背其职业的特定义务被人民法院判处刑罚的,人民法院限制其在特定期限内不得从事相关职业,也是一种制裁犯罪人的预防性措施。在适用条件、适用程序与禁止期限等方面,行政性从业禁止与刑事职业禁止有着重大的区别。我国刑事职业禁止制度的建立,无疑是我国刑法的一项重大创新。这对于预防犯罪、防卫社会以及更为合理地制裁犯罪人等,有着重大的作用。但是,我国刑事职业禁止制度创立时间不久,其自身有着一定的缺陷。第一,刑事职业禁止的适用条件并不完全合理。比如,刑事职业禁止的适用对象较为狭窄。第二,刑事职业禁止的适用程序不完善。对有关刑事职业禁止的职权分配、提起与执行程序以及当事人的救济措施,我国刑法没有作出明确的规定。第三,我国刑法没有规定有关刑事职业禁止的复权机制。这对于被职业禁止的公民是不公正的。第四,对曾实施犯罪的公民予以职业禁止,但是我国目前尚未构建统一的职业禁止制度。在职业禁止方面,我国刑法与其他法律、行政法规的关系存在一定争议,这可能会导致刑法规定的职业禁止制度被架空或其他的不合理现象。我国刑法应当引入保安处分的概念,将刑事职业禁止作为保安处分对待。在此前提下,我国应当修正刑法对刑事职业禁止制度作出完善。第一,完善我国刑法对刑事职业禁止的适用条件。比如,更为具体地界定职业禁止适用的“刑罚要件”,扩大该措施的适用对象。第二,明确规定我国刑事职业禁止的适用程序。应当具体规定公安机关、人民检察院、人民法院与执行机关的各自权限,具体规定刑事职业禁止的提起、宣告、上诉与执行的程序。第三,我国应针对刑事职业禁止构建复权机制,明确被职业禁止的公民可提前获得职业从业权的条件与程序等。第四,我国应当针对因犯罪行为而丧失职业从业权的问题,构建统一的刑事职业禁止制度,由此彻底解决刑法与其他法律、行政法规何者优先适用的问题。
[Abstract]:With regard to the disqualification of the perpetrator for his criminal behavior, there are two systems in our country: the prohibition of administrative employment and the prohibition of criminal occupation. Administrative practice is prohibited, which is involved in Company Law, Securities Law, Accounting Law and lawyers Law. The perpetrator automatically disqualified himself from holding a certain post or occupation because of the criminal act he has committed, and there is no need for the people's court to make a declaration. The prohibition of criminal occupation means that the perpetrator explicitly stipulated in the Amendment to the Criminal Law (9) commits a crime for taking advantage of the convenient conditions formed by his occupation, or that the offender has been sentenced to punishment by the people's court for carrying out a specific obligation to violate his profession, It is also a preventive measure to punish the offender by restricting the people's court from engaging in the relevant occupation within a specified period of time. In the aspects of applicable conditions, applicable procedure and prohibition period, there are significant differences between administrative practice prohibition and criminal occupation prohibition. The establishment of criminal occupation prohibition system is undoubtedly a major innovation in our criminal law. It plays an important role in preventing crime, defending society and punishing offenders more reasonably. However, the criminal occupation prohibition system in our country is not long since it was founded, and it has its own defects. First, the applicable conditions of criminal occupational prohibition are not completely reasonable. For example, the applicable object of criminal occupation prohibition is narrower. Secondly, the procedure of criminal occupation prohibition is not perfect. There is no clear stipulation on the assignment of powers and powers, the procedure of initiating and executing and the relief measures of the parties concerned in the criminal law. Third, China's criminal law does not provide for the criminal prohibition of the reinstatement mechanism. This is unfair to citizens who are banned from their profession. Fourth, the citizens who have committed crimes are prohibited by occupation, but the unified system of occupational prohibition has not yet been established in our country. In the aspect of occupational prohibition, the relationship between criminal law and other laws and administrative regulations is controversial, which may lead to the occupational prohibition system under criminal law being set up or other unreasonable phenomena. China's criminal law should introduce the concept of security measures and treat criminal occupational prohibition as security measures. Under this premise, our country should amend the criminal law to perfect the criminal occupation prohibition system. First, perfect our country criminal law to the criminal profession prohibition application condition. For example, define more specifically the "penalty elements" of occupational prohibition, and expand the target of application of this measure. Secondly, the application procedure of criminal occupation prohibition in our country is clearly stipulated. The respective powers of the public security organs, the people's procuratorates, the people's courts and the executive organs shall be specified, and the procedures for instituting, declaring, appealing and executing the criminal professional prohibition shall be specified. Thirdly, our country should construct the mechanism of reinstatement in view of the prohibition of criminal occupation, and make clear the conditions and procedures for citizens who are prohibited by the profession to obtain the right of employment in advance. Fourth, China should set up a unified criminal occupation prohibition system to solve the problem of criminal law and other laws and administrative regulations which should be applied first in view of the loss of professional employment right due to criminal acts.
【学位授予单位】：安徽财经大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D924

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