论我国环境侵权民事责任中的因果关系

发布时间：2018-03-03 15:38

本文选题：环境侵权　切入点：因果关系　出处：《北京理工大学》2015年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：因果关系是民事侵权责任体系的构成要件之一，功能在于为侵权行为的归责提供事实上的因果链条。在民事侵权诉讼中，因果关系的认定对于惩罚加害人和救济受害人至关重要。环境侵权民事责任中的因果关系是特殊的侵权因果关系。基于环境侵权具有双方地位不平等性、侵害过程的间接性等特点，使得因果关系的认定在环境侵权案件中显得尤为困难。因而，我国在环境立法中规定了因果关系举证责任倒置规则，以此来减轻受害人的举证责任。但是，由于立法规定的不明确以及法官理解具有差异性，导致在司法实践中因果关系认定的混乱。可以说，我国法律在环境侵权民事责任因果关系的认定方面仍存在着不足。要解决好这些难题，笔者认为可以借鉴国外所提出的因果关系推定理论。如：盖然性因果关系理论、疫学因果关系理论以及间接反证理论等。首先，在我国适用因果关系推定必须在遵循因果关系“两分法”模式的基础之上，明确环境侵权民事责任中因果关系的推定主要是事实上因果关系的推定。其次，，在立法上确立因果关系推定原则。再次，将举证责任倒置规则与因果关系推定的诸方法相结合。同时，为了使这些因果关系推定方法能够具有较好的可操作性，还需要格外注意理论本土化以及配套机制的建立问题。
[Abstract]:Causality is one of the constitutive elements of tort liability system, and its function is to provide a de facto chain of causation for tort liability. The determination of causality is very important to punish the offender and remedy the victim. The causality in the civil liability of environmental tort is a special tort causality. Because of the indirectness of the process of infringement, it is particularly difficult to identify the causality in environmental tort cases. Therefore, our country has stipulated the rules of reversal of the burden of proof of causation in the environmental legislation. In order to reduce the burden of proof of the victim. However, due to the unclear provisions of the legislation and the differences in the understanding of the judge, it leads to confusion in the identification of causality in judicial practice. In order to solve these problems, the author thinks that we can draw lessons from the theory of presumption of causality put forward by foreign countries, such as the theory of causality of inevitability. First of all, the presumption of causality in China must be based on the dichotomy model of causation. It is clear that the presumption of causality in environmental tort civil liability is mainly the presumption of causality in fact. Secondly, the principle of presumption of causation is established in legislation. The inversion rule of burden of proof is combined with the methods of presumption of causality. In order to make these methods of presumption of causality more operable, special attention should be paid to the localization of theory and the establishment of supporting mechanism.
【学位授予单位】：北京理工大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D923

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