人体基因科技的法律思辨

发布时间：2018-04-22 02:03

本文选题：人体基因科技 + 自由意志　；参考：《山东大学》2015年博士论文

【摘要】：人类对科技的追求和创新伴随着人类历史的发展而发展,在经过了从器物到机器再到仪器的科技变革后,科技对人类的辅助作用也经历了从宏观到微观的变化。当医生将手术刀伸向人体时,人类便不再仅仅是科技发展中的主体,而渐渐向科学试验中的客体转变,这种转变使得对人类自身的认识越来越细节化,最终产生了人体基因科技。人体基因科技的诞生,意味着人类的生存和生活步入了一个崭新的阶段。在这个阶段中,人类不再甘于仅作为生命起源的探寻者,而是期望成为生命的创造者,期望通过科技的辅助,按照个人的意愿来设计人类生命,确立人类生命在面对自然、环境、疾病、进化等问题时的优势地位。本文针对人体基因科技作为一场崭新的科技革命所引发的法律和伦理方面的争议,从决定论和自由意志论的哲学命题出发,借助自由主义和社群主义的基本理论,阐释人体基因科技引发争议的理论根源,进而通过对人性尊严分析,提出解决问题的方案。本文的核心问题集中在反对人体基因科技的根据是什么,赞成人体基因科技的根源是什么。通过对这两个问题的分析,厘清人类的主体性在当前伦理和法律架构中的重要地位和意义,提出在人体基因科技的法律思辨中必须坚持人的主体性地位的观点。本文由前言、内容和结语三部分组成,前言以介绍选题意义、研究方法、文献综述和文章思路为主,结语部分重申本文核心立场以及下一步的研究计划,内容部分包括以下六章：第一章探讨人体基因科技作为一场崭新的科技革命对法律和伦理的冲击。人体基因科技催生了许多法律和伦理问题,体现在人类生命和生活的多个方面。具体说来,一是带来了人性自然观的改变,主要体现在自然家庭的解体和情感纽带的淡化方面；二是带来了传统公平观的改变,尤其是在基因歧视、代际公平等方面；三是带来了人类传统认知观的改变,集中反映在认知方式、认知对象和认知范围方面。这些冲击动摇了人的主体地位,引发了对其背后所体现的哲学背景的思考。第二章分析人体基因科技背后所蕴含的古老哲学命题——决定论和自由意志论,这两者影响了人体基因科技法律思辨的伦理思考。决定论探讨的是人体基因科技中的必然性问题,它以自然界的因果律为入手点,将人类的成长演化区分为基因决定论和环境决定论,并依此作为支持或反对人体基因科技的论据。自由意志论回答的是人体基因科技中的偶然性问题,经过从神学到人文主义再到实践理性的发展过程,自由意志论在人体基因科技上的贡献在于将人从完全的自然状态中解脱出来,建立起了理性世界中的人类形象,打破了人体基因科技对人类的必然性影响,从而使人类的主体地位得到进一步确立和巩固,奠定了人体基因科技伦理控制的基础。这两个哲学命题之间并非水火不容,它们之间相互争论又相互融合,共同指导了关于人体基因科技的法律思辨。第三章研究人体基因科技法律思辨的价值基础——自由主义理念和社群主义理念。自由主义所确立的理念——自由、平等、民主、自治等是人体基因科技法律规制的理论依据。当今人体基因科技的相关法律规制都是围绕着这些理念确立的。但是在人体基因科技的科学论证下,这些自由主义的理念充满悖论。为此,以批判自由主义为主的社群主义被引入到人体基因科技的法律思辨中来,对自由主义所带来的个人主义、自然状态、平等话语权等问题起到了平衡作用,并为儒家文化影响下,以家庭主义为主的法律设置提供了可能性。第四章探讨人体基因科技法律思辨的宗旨——人性尊严。人性尊严一词饱受争议却不可替代。其争议源于其复杂多样的词汇渊源,其不可替代源于其以人为本的维度。正是在人性尊严的指导下,分化出具体的立法原则——知情同意、自愿原则、不伤害、不歧视和有利原则等。在这些具体原则的指导下,各国关于人体基因科技的相关法律性文件得以制定并受到尊重,在现阶段起到了重要的规范作用。第五章研究人体基因科技法律思辨的实践。鉴于人体基因科技法律规制的伦理层面蕴含在医学伦理中,所以通过对重要国际医学伦理法律性文件的梳理,理解对人体基因科技进行法律规制的伦理追求,从具体的条文中分析人性尊严对人体基因科技的指导作用。人体基因科技作为一项具体科学技术,它所包含的每一项具体技术内容都有相对应的国际法律性文件对其进行规制。其中以国际人类基因组组织的声明最具有代表性,通过对国际人类基因组组织的不同声明的梳理,理解人性尊严对每一项具体人体基因科技的规范作用。同时,在保有人类主体地位的前提下,当前人体基因科技法律规制的态势应为个人利益和公共利益相互平衡,体现社会层面上的平等,并将形而上学的自由落脚到实践的自由中。这些态势从价值平衡的层面上探讨了人体基因科技法律思辨的实践,并在具体的法律性文件中有明确体现。第六章讨论人体基因科技法律思辨的原则。在对人体基因科技法律规制的综合理解下,结合人体基因科技的发展前景,其法律规制的发展方向应考虑到科技发展的不可逆性和有限性,考虑到审查和监督机构的建设,考虑到文明的趋同和文化的求异,进而坚持开放性原则、细致性原则和平衡性原则。这种探索性的法律思辨方式将促进人体基因科技在有利于全人类的大方向下自由发展。
[Abstract]:The pursuit and innovation of science and technology have developed with the development of human history. After the technological change from utensils to machines to instruments, the auxiliary role of science and technology has also undergone a change from macro to micro. When doctors extend the knife to the human body, human beings are no longer only the main body of the development of science and technology. The transformation of the object in the scientific experiment makes the understanding of human being more and more detailed and ultimately the human gene technology. The birth of human gene technology means that human survival and life have entered a new stage. At this stage, human beings are no longer willing to be the only seeker of the origin of life. It is expected to be the creator of life, expecting to design human life and establish human life in the face of nature, environment, disease and evolution through the assistance of science and technology, and to establish human life in the face of nature, environment, disease and evolution. This article is based on the legal and ethical disputes caused by human genetic technology as a new technological revolution. On the basis of the philosophical proposition of the free will theory and the basic theory of liberalism and communitarianism, the theoretical origin of human genetic science and technology is explained, and then the solution to the problem is put forward through the analysis of human dignity. The core problem of this article is on what is the basis for the anti human gene science and technology, and the human gene is in favor of the human gene. What is the root of science and technology. Through the analysis of these two problems, it clarifies the important position and significance of human subjectivity in the current ethics and legal framework, and puts forward the viewpoint that human subjectivity must be adhered to in the legal speculation of human genetic science and technology. This article is composed of three parts, the preface, the internal capacity and the conclusion. The preface introduces the topic of the topic. Meaning, research method, literature review and article thinking, the conclusion reaffirms the core position of this article and the next research plan, and the content part includes the following six chapters: the first chapter discusses the impact of human gene technology as a brand new technological revolution on law and ethics. Human gene technology has caused many legal and ethical questions. The question is embodied in many aspects of human life and life. In particular, it brings about the change of the nature view of human nature, mainly in the disintegration of the natural family and the desalination of the emotional ties; the two is the change of the traditional view of fairness, especially in the aspects of genetic discrimination and intergenerational equity, and the three is the human traditional concept of cognition. The change is reflected in the cognitive style, the cognitive object and the scope of cognition. These shocks have shaken the person's main body position and cause the philosophical background reflection behind it. The second chapter analyzes the ancient philosophical proposition behind human genetic technology, the determinism and the free will theory, which affect the human body base. Due to the ethical thinking of science and technology, determinism is the necessity of human genetic science and technology, which begins with the natural causality law, and divides human growth and evolution into genetic determinism and environmental determinism, and this is the argument to support or oppose human genetic science and technology. Because of the chance problem in science and technology, the contribution of the theory of free will to human gene science and technology, from theology to humanism and to the practical reason, is to release people from the complete natural state, to establish the human image in the rational world, and to break the inevitability of human genetic science and technology. To further establish and consolidate the human body's main position has laid the foundation for the ethical control of human genetic science and technology. The two philosophical propositions are not incompatible with water and fire, and they argue and merge each other, and jointly guide the legal speculation about human genetic science and technology. The third chapter studies the value of human genetic science and technology in legal thinking. The basic theory of liberalism and communitarianism, the concept established by liberalism - freedom, equality, democracy, autonomy, is the theoretical basis for the legal regulation of human gene science and technology. The concept of liberalism is full of paradoxes. Therefore, communitarianism, which is based on critical liberalism, is introduced into the legal speculation of human genetic science and technology, and has a balance effect on liberalism, such as individualism, natural state, equal discourse power and so on. Under the influence of the Confucian culture, the law is based on family doctrine. The fourth chapter discusses the tenet of human human genetic science and technology: human dignity. Human dignity is a controversial but irreplaceable word. Its controversy stems from its complex and diverse source of vocabulary, which can not be replaced by its people-oriented dimension. It is a specific legislative principle under the guidance of human dignity. Informed consent, voluntary principle, no harm, non discrimination and favorable principles, etc. under the guidance of these specific principles, the relevant legal documents on human genetic science and technology in various countries have been formulated and respected, and have played an important normative role at the present stage. The fifth chapter studies the practice of legal speculation on human genetic science and technology. Because the ethical level of the legal regulation of science and technology is contained in the medical ethics, the ethical pursuit of legal regulation of human genetic science and technology is understood by combing the important international medical ethics legal documents, and the guiding role of human dignity to human genetic science and technology is analyzed from the specific provisions. Science and technology, every specific technical content contained in it is regulated by the corresponding international legal documents. The international human genome organization's statement is the most representative, by combing the different statements of the international human genome organization, understanding the rules of human dignity for each specific human gene technology. At the same time, under the premise of maintaining the status of the human body, the current legal regulation of human genetic science and technology should balance the individual interests and public interests, reflect the equality in the social level, and put the metaphysical freedom to the freedom of practice. These situations discuss the human Genet from the level of the balance of value. The sixth chapter discusses the principles of legal speculation in human genetic science and technology. Under the comprehensive understanding of the legal regulation of human gene science and technology and the development prospect of human genetic science and technology, the development direction of the legal regulation should take into account the irreversibility of the scientific and Technological Development and the development of the law. Taking into account the construction of censorship and supervision institutions, taking into account the convergence of civilization and the seeking of cultural differences, the principle of openness, detail and balance will be taken into account, and this exploratory law of legal thinking will promote the downward and free development of human genetic science and technology in favor of all human beings.

【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D913

【参考文献】