论我国意定监护制度的立法构建

发布时间：2018-05-03 08:06

本文选题：意定监护 + 自主决定权　；参考：《山西财经大学》2016年硕士论文

【摘要】：意定监护制度是指成年人在具有完全行为能力时,与其信任的人就将来可能发生的全部或部分监护事务达成合意,授予其代理权;在本人出现因年老、精神障碍等原因导致欠缺行为能力时,依照合同对其进行监护的制度。意定监护是在社会老龄化问题的大背景之下,于20世纪中后期国际性的成年监护制度改革中产生的,是顺应现代人权理念、尊重自我决定权的私法制度。我国仍是发展中国家,但其人口老龄化问题已经凸显,属于“未富已老”的社会;过去计划生育国策引发了我国独特的社会问题——失独家庭养老难以及“一人赡养多位老人”的艰难局面;我国植物人和残障人士的数量不在少数,他们独特的监护需求使得许多家庭承受着巨大的监护压力,这一系列的问题都要求对我国监护制度进行改革,减轻家庭监护负担。2013年7月正式实施的《中华人民共和国老年人权益保障法》中首次提出老年人意定监护,这是我国监护立法的一大进步;但其对于意定监护的具体实施方法和程序都没有进行规定,一定程度上缺乏可执行性,并且该法将意定监护制度的应用仅仅局限于对老年人的监护,并没有充分发挥该制度在解决我国实际问题时应有的作用。因此,本文试图将意定监护在我国的适用范围扩展到成年监护领域,进而构建完整的意定监护制度。尤其现下正值民法总则制定之际,可以抓住这一契机在民法总则中规定意定监护,以期完善我国成年监护制度。本文首先对意定监护制度进行理论研究,在比较分析国外立法例的基础上,系统地介绍了该制度的内涵、产生背景和发展渊源及功能。其次对现行监护制度存在的缺陷进行梳理分析,并将意定监护与现有民法制度进行横向比较,结合我国民法理论和司法实践情况,从正反两面得出建立意定监护制度的必要性和可行性。最后从意定监护制度中涉及的主体、监护合同、监护监督等一系列内容入手,兼顾实体与程序,具体设置了意定监护制度的立法体例、基本原则、主体要件、合同规则和监督体制等内容。本文首次提出意定监护制度缓解家庭监护压力的功能对“全面开放二孩政策”的推行实施有积极作用;创新性地应用充要条件的分析方式得出意定监护合同在同时满足本人意思能力不充分、监护人适格和法院确定监护监督人三个复合条件时生效;在监督机构的具体设置中提出设立“核心、辅助、先锋”多层次的公权力监督模式,对意定监护制度的构建提出建设性意见,进一步为完善监护制度提供有力支持。
[Abstract]:A consensual guardianship system means that an adult, at the time of full capacity, agrees with a trusted person on all or part of the guardianship matters that may occur in the future and confers on him the power of attorney as a result of his old age, Mental disorders and other reasons resulting in incapacity, according to the contract of guardianship system. Under the background of the aging of society and the international reform of the adult guardianship system in the middle and late 20th century, determined guardianship is a private law system which conforms to the modern concept of human rights and respects the right to decide itself. China is still a developing country, but its population aging problem has been highlighted, which belongs to the society of "not rich and old"; In the past, the national policy of family planning has triggered a unique social problem in our country, namely, the hardship of providing for the aged by families without independence and the difficult situation of "one person supporting many elderly people." the number of vegetative and disabled people in our country is not small. Their unique needs for guardianship have put many families under tremendous pressure of guardianship. All these problems require reform of the guardianship system in our country. Lighten the burden of family guardianship. The Law of the people's Republic of China on the Protection of the Rights and interests of the elderly, which was formally implemented in July 2013, for the first time, proposes the free guardianship of the elderly, which is a great progress of the guardianship legislation in China; However, there are no regulations on the specific methods and procedures for the implementation of compulsory guardianship, and to a certain extent, it lacks the enforceability, and the law limits the application of the system to the guardianship of the elderly. And did not give full play to the system in solving our practical problems due role. Therefore, this paper attempts to expand the scope of application of the determined guardianship in our country to adult guardianship, and then to construct a complete system of determined guardianship. Especially when the general principles of civil law are formulated, we can seize this opportunity to stipulate the compulsory guardianship in the general principles of civil law in order to perfect the adult guardianship system of our country. Based on the comparative analysis of foreign legislative cases, this paper systematically introduces the connotation, background, origin and function of this system. Secondly, the defects of the current guardianship system are analyzed and compared horizontally with the existing civil law system, combined with the civil law theory and judicial practice in China. The necessity and feasibility of establishing the system of determined guardianship are obtained from the positive and negative aspects. Finally, starting with a series of contents, such as the subject, the guardianship contract, the guardianship supervision and so on, which are involved in the Italian guardianship system, the author gives consideration to the entity and the procedure, and sets up the legislative style, the basic principles and the main requirements of the system. Contract rules and supervision system. This paper proposes for the first time that the function of the system of determined guardianship to alleviate the pressure of family guardianship has a positive effect on the implementation of the "all-around opening of the two-child policy". Innovative application of the necessary and sufficient conditions of the analysis of the contract concluded that the determination of guardianship contract at the same time not enough ability to meet the requirements of the guardian and the court to determine the guardianship supervisor of the three complex conditions effective; In the concrete setting of supervision organization, the author puts forward the multi-level public power supervision mode of "core, assistant and pioneer", puts forward constructive suggestions on the construction of the system of determined guardianship, and further provides strong support for the perfection of guardianship system.
【学位授予单位】：山西财经大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：D922.1

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