侵权法中的过失相抵制度研究

发布时间：2018-06-22 22:52

本文选题：过失相抵 + 与有过失　；参考：《大连海事大学》2009年硕士论文

【摘要】： 过失相抵制度作为现代民法损害赔偿的一项重要原则,体现了法律的公平原则。本文主要探讨了侵权行为法中的过失相抵制度,并就各派学说,其争议的要点,提出了自己的认识。过失相抵是指就损害的发生或损害结果的扩大,受害人也有过错时,可以减轻或免除加害人的赔偿责任。过失相抵是指损害的相抵,而并非过错的相抵。过失相抵与损益相抵、自甘冒险、因果关系中断等类似概念有所不同。过失相抵制度是对古罗马法中庞氏规则的修正,在英美法系和大陆法系皆得到广泛应用。关于过失相抵制度的构成要件。本文采三要件说,认为过失相抵的构成要件有受害人过错、受害人行为不当和因果关系同一性。论文分别从法哲学和法经济学的角度探讨了过失相抵制度,认为过失相抵制度符合法的公平正义原则,亦符合汉德公式、波斯纳定理和亨德法则所体现的经济理念。本文还探讨了过失相抵制度的斟酌适用。认为在过失相抵中,无须考虑受害人的过失相抵能力。过失相抵可以适用于无过错责任原则中。在确定双方责任范围时,过错责任侵权案件中主要比较双方过错的大小,在无过错责任侵权案件中则通过比较加害人与受害人对损害发生的原因力大小以确定双方责任的范围。
[Abstract]:As an important principle of compensation for damages in modern civil law, the system of offset of negligence embodies the principle of fairness of law. This paper mainly discusses the system of fault offset in tort law, and puts forward its own understanding on the theory of different parties and the main points of dispute. Fault offset refers to the occurrence of damage or the expansion of the result of damage, where the victim is also at fault, the liability of the injurious party may be reduced or relieved. Fault offset refers to the offset of the damage, not the offset of the fault. The concepts of fault offset and profit and loss offset, self-risk, causality interruption and so on are different. The system of fault offset is an amendment to the Ponzi rule in ancient Roman law, which is widely used in both Anglo-American and civil law systems. The constitution of the system of fault offset. According to the three elements, the author holds that the constituent elements of fault offset are the fault of the victim, the misconduct of the victim and the identity of causality. This paper discusses the system of fault offset from the angles of philosophy of law and economics of law, and thinks that the system of fault offset accords with the principle of fairness and justice of law, as well as with the economic ideas embodied in the Hande formula, Posner's theorem and Hender's law. This paper also discusses the discretionary application of fault offset system. It is considered that the victim's capacity of fault offset should not be taken into account. Fault offset can be applied to the principle of no-fault liability. In determining the scope of liability of both sides, the fault liability tort cases mainly compare the size of the fault between the two parties, and in the case of no-fault liability tort, the scope of the liability of both parties is determined by comparing the force of the perpetrator and the victim on the cause of the damage.
【学位授予单位】：大连海事大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：D913

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