妨碍通行物致损中的道路管理者侵权责任

发布时间：2018-12-11 14:19

【摘要】：随着我国经济的快速发展,交通运输业有了很大的进步,随之而来的法律问题也日益增多。在生活中,由道路上的妨碍物造成车辆或人损失的侵权纠纷不胜枚举,这种行为严重影响了公共道路的正常运营安全。结合我国现行相关法律规定和司法实践情况,妨碍通行物致损纠纷中责任主体为两类,即实施了堆放、倾倒、遗撒等行为的具体侵权人和道路管理者。可见,负有管理职责的道路管理者也应承担相应的赔偿责任,但是现行的法律法规并没有对于道路管理者的侵权行为和责任承担等问题给予明确的判定标准。因此有效地规制道路管理者不作为侵权行为,对保障公共通行的安全更具重要意义。根据侵权责任的基本原理,对道路管理者应当采用过错推定归责原则,实行举证责任倒置,由道路管理者一方来承担举证责任。同时道路管理者侵权责任应由侵权行为、损害事实、因果关系、过错这四个基本要件所构成。道路管理者通常呈现为不作为的侵权行为,是其管理上过失造成了受害人的损失;这其中的损害主要是人身损害和财产损害;道路管理者的行为与损害事实之间具有因果关系,判断其因果关系的重点是如果道路管理者履行了相应的注意义务并且实施了恰当的补救措施,由侵权行为引发的损害会不会避免或者是减轻;道路管理者除了将法律法规和相应行业标准作为相应的参照标准外,道路管理者还应达到一个“合理人”的注意义务,这种合理的注意义务还应当结合道路的具体情况,进行不同因素的考量,以此来确定道路管理者注意义务的程度。在侵权责任承担的层面,由于道路管理者与《侵权责任法》三十七条所定义“安全保障义务人”的认定标准有相似之处,所以可将道路管理者视为三十七条所定义的“安全保障义务人”。道路管理者在通常情况下应当承担相应的补充责任。但是由于《侵权责任法》第三十七条第二款所调整对象的局限性,此条款不能够将妨碍通行物致损的侵权行为全部涵盖。道路管理者的责任承担问题仍有适用《侵权责任法》第十二条规定的空间,其也可能与具体行为人承担按份责任。因此在认定道路管理者的侵权责任承担范围时,会存在多样的责任承担形态,即道路管理者既有承担补充责任的情况,也有承担相应的按份责任的情况。
[Abstract]:With the rapid development of China's economy, the transportation industry has made great progress, and the legal problems are increasing day by day. In life, tortious disputes caused by obstructions on roads cause vehicle or human losses, which seriously affect the normal operation safety of public roads. According to the current relevant laws and regulations and judicial practice in our country, there are two kinds of responsible subjects in the disputes of impairing traffic objects, that is, the concrete infringers and road managers who have carried out piling, dumping, leaving and so on. It can be seen that road managers with management responsibilities should also bear the corresponding liability, but the current laws and regulations do not provide a clear standard for the tort and liability of road managers. Therefore, it is of great significance to regulate the tort of road managers' omission effectively to ensure the safety of public passage. According to the basic principle of tort liability, the road manager should adopt the principle of presumption of fault and put the burden of proof upside down, and the road manager should bear the burden of proof. At the same time, the tort liability of road manager should be composed of four basic elements: tort, damage fact, causality and fault. The road manager usually presents the tort of omission, which is the loss of the victim caused by the fault of his management, in which the damage is mainly personal injury and property damage. There is a causal relationship between the behavior of the road manager and the fact of the damage. The emphasis of judging the causality is that if the road manager fulfils the corresponding duty of care and implements the appropriate remedial measures, Whether the damage caused by the infringement will be avoided or mitigated; In addition to taking laws and regulations and corresponding industry standards as the corresponding reference standards, road managers should also achieve the duty of care of a "reasonable person", and this reasonable duty of care should also be combined with the specific conditions of the road. Take different factors into consideration to determine the degree of duty of care of road managers. At the level of tort liability, because of the similarity between road manager and "security obligor" as defined in Article 37 of Tort liability Law, Therefore, road managers can be regarded as "security obligors" as defined in 37 terms. The road manager should assume the corresponding supplementary responsibility under normal circumstances. However, due to the limitation of the object regulated in the second paragraph of Article 37 of the Tort liability Law, this clause cannot cover all the torts which hinder the damage caused by the traffic. There is still room for the application of Article 12 of the Tort liability Law to bear the responsibility of the road manager, which may also bear the responsibility according to the specific person. Therefore, in determining the scope of tort liability of road managers, there will be a variety of forms of liability, that is, road managers not only assume supplementary liability, but also bear the corresponding liability.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：D923

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