低成本物理创新实验的探讨和开发

发布时间：2018-06-27 14:18

本文选题：低成本 + 实验　；参考：《云南师范大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：物理学是以认识物质的基本结构,研究物质运动规律为研究目的的学科。由于物理学的研究目的决定了物理是一门跟实验紧密相关的学科,也是最基础最重要的学科,因此教师在物理教学的过程中必须要充分发挥实验的作用。新课程倡导广大教师利用生活中简易、廉价、熟悉的材料给学生提供各种物理实验探究活动来实现交互性教学,让学生边做边学,在体验中学习,从而帮助学生认识,建立相关物理概念和规律,提高全体学生的科学素养。随着社会的发展,各地区也越来越重视教育,然而部分地区仍存在实验器材短缺的问题。对于偏远贫困地区的某些学校来说正面临着实验仪器陈旧老化、实验设备不足等问题,部分中学还存在实验器材的质量不过关的问题,导致实验可见度不高。另外很多实验器材是被封闭起来的,学生看不到实验器材的内部结构,不利于实验的讲解,从而导致教师在教物理和学生学物理方面都存在很多困难,这就要求教师能够利用身边随手可得的物品作为实验器材创设出简单易操作、现象明显的实验,或者是经过改造设计出可以用于教学实验的器具来辅助教学。基于以上的缘由本课题研究的重点是低成本物理创新实验的探讨和开发,具体研究内容由以下几部分构成:首先,通过查阅大量文献对我国低成本物理创新实验的基本现状进行了分析,并且进行了深入的思考。另外也对国外的低成本物理创新实验的相关研究进行了梳理、归纳,跟国内的物理实验教学进行了对比。其次,从概念的起源、已有的界定、相似概念等方面对低成本物理创新实验进行深入的探讨。接着,分析并且总结出了低成本物理创新实验具有的4个特点,以及在设计和制作低成本物理创新实验的时候应该遵循的7项原则。然后,通过分析总结得出了如何在物理教学中开发与运用低成本物理创新实验,且结合20项低成本案例探讨了低成本物理创新实验在物理教学中的作用。最后一部分是本课题的重点和创新点,以降低实验成本、简化实验材料、提高已有实验的可见度、用实验演绎习题等为出发点,创新设计出了20项低成本物理创新实验。并且从设计的缘由、实验所需器材、实验步骤、实验的原理、自制实验装置图以及数据处理等多个方面详细介绍了这20项低成本物理创新实验。本文开发设计的低成本物理创新实验的主要目的是弥补现有实验的不足,主要注重学生在做中学的过程,注重提高学生的创新精神和实践能力。
[Abstract]:Physics is a discipline aimed at understanding the basic structure of matter and studying the law of material movement. Because physics is a subject closely related to experiments and the most basic and important subject, teachers must give full play to the role of experiments in the process of physics teaching. The new curriculum advocates teachers to make use of simple, cheap and familiar materials in life to provide students with various kinds of physical experiment inquiry activities to realize interactive teaching, so that students can learn while doing and learning through experience, thus helping students to understand. Establish relevant physics concepts and laws to improve the scientific literacy of all students. With the development of society, more and more attention has been paid to education. However, there is still a shortage of experimental equipment in some areas. For some schools in remote and poor areas, they are facing problems such as the aging of experimental instruments and the shortage of experimental equipment. Some middle schools still have problems of poor quality of experimental equipment, which leads to the low visibility of experiments. In addition, many experimental equipment are closed, students can not see the internal structure of the experimental equipment, which is not conducive to the explanation of the experiment, which leads to a lot of difficulties for teachers in teaching physics and students learning physics. This requires teachers to make use of the objects readily available around them as experimental equipment to create experiments that are simple and easy to operate and obvious, or to design instruments that can be used in teaching experiments after modification to assist teaching. Based on the above reasons, the focus of this research is the exploration and development of low-cost physical innovation experiments. The specific research content is composed of the following parts: first, By consulting a large number of literatures, this paper analyzes the basic status quo of low-cost physical innovation experiments in China, and gives some deep thoughts. In addition, the related research of low-cost physics innovation experiment abroad is summarized and compared with the domestic physics experiment teaching. Secondly, from the origin of the concept, the existing definition, similar concepts and other aspects of low-cost physical innovation experiments are discussed. Then, four characteristics of low-cost physical innovation experiments are analyzed and summarized, and 7 principles should be followed when designing and making low-cost physical innovation experiments. Then, through the analysis and summary, the author concludes how to develop and use the low-cost physics innovation experiment in physics teaching, and discusses the function of the low-cost physics innovation experiment in physics teaching with 20 low-cost cases. The last part is the emphasis and innovation of this subject. In order to reduce the experimental cost, simplify the experimental materials, improve the visibility of the existing experiments, and use the experimental deductive exercises as the starting point, 20 low-cost physical innovation experiments are designed. And from the design reasons, experimental equipment, experimental steps, experimental principles, self-made experimental device diagram and data processing and other aspects of the detailed introduction of the 20 low-cost physical innovation experiments. The main purpose of the low-cost physics innovation experiment developed in this paper is to make up for the deficiency of the existing experiment, to pay attention to the process of students' learning in doing, and to improve the students' creative spirit and practical ability.
【学位授予单位】：云南师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：G633.7

【参考文献】