献血的权利属性研究

发布时间：2018-03-02 11:37

本文选题：献血　切入点：道德义务　出处：《吉林大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：理论界对于现行无偿献血制度的研究多集中于医学或者公共管理领域,相对而言法学领域对该问题的研究并不普遍,尤其是对于献血法律属性的研究更是匮乏。有关研究成果大多认为献血是一项义务,少有将其视为一项权利的观点。本文试图从伦理学角度以及法理学角度来论证献血是一项道德权利以及法律权利。献血制度经历了从有偿献血到义务献血,从义务献血到无偿献血的发展历程。其历史变迁蕴含着价值观念的更迭,同时也反映出我国献血法律属性的转变:从“义务”走向“权利”。献血法律属性的认定在理论界并未达成广泛共识,尤其是在《献血法》颁布施行以后,部分法律文件乃至有关单位和部门仍然将献血视为一项义务。究其原因是价值观念尚未转变,其并未真正领会《献血法》立法精神。因此有必要对献血法律属性进行深入探讨,以此保障我国无偿献血制度的顺利实行。实践中存在的献血“摊派行为”实际上是一种将献血视为法律义务的行为,理论界对于献血法律属性的探讨多认为其应当是一项道德义务,而非法律义务。从现有诸多法律规定来看,相关法律文件中“自愿献血”和“鼓励献血”等并不具备义务规范特征的词汇的使用表明了献血行为在我国并未被确认为是一项法律义务。法律义务的设定多反映某一行为在伦理道德上的主张,献血这一处分自己身体以救助他人的行为在道德上应当是一种利他行为或者超道德行为,与不得伤害他人的道德义务区别甚远。不具备道德强制性的行为被法律“强行规定”为一项法律义务的立法举动显然缺乏法律合理性,因此献血从根本上便不具有上升为法律义务的可能性。献血在伦理道德层面上并不属于道德义务,而是一种利他行为或超道德行为,该行为实质上属于愿望道德层面,是一种美德。而与道德义务相对应的道德权利则包括了不受他人侵害的权利以及不受他人干涉的利他行为,愿望道德层面的行为是道德权利的应有之意,因此献血应当是一项道德权利。法律权利的确认多反映道德层面的利益诉求,献血作为一项道德权利,其具备上升为法律权利的可行性。我国现行《献血法》亦使用授权性规范来规制献血这一行为,因此献血实际上应当是一项法律权利。明确献血的权利属性之后,为了保障献血权利的实现,尽快解决由来已久的“血荒”问题,促进我国献血事业的健康发展,便需要设置和完善与之相对应的配套制度。权利不能被强制,否则便有失其本意。义务多以配置责任后果的方式促进其履行,而权利的实现则更多地需要依靠相应的激励措施,尤其是为了促进权利的主动行使。有权利就有救济,没有无救济的权利,促进权利的实现有必要设计与之相关的各项救济制度。制度在实践中不可避免地会出现一些变形,这就需要辅之以相应的监督机制以保障制度的有效落实。因此,保障献血权利实现的制度设计应当包括但不限于献血权利实现的激励制度、救济制度和监督机制。
[Abstract]:The theory for the study of the current system of blood donation are more concentrated in medicine or in the field of public administration, the relative research on this problem is not common law field, especially for the study of blood donation legal attribute is scarce. The research results are considered a blood donation, few views it as a right this paper attempts to prove. It is a moral rights and legal rights from the perspective of ethics and jurisprudence to donate blood. Blood donation system from paid donors to blood donation, blood donation from development to blood donation. Its history contains the values of the change, but also reflects the transformation of China's blood donation law attribute: from the "obligation" to "right". That donation legal attribute has not reached a broad consensus in the theory circle, especially in the "blood donation law > after promulgation, part of law The law of documents and relevant units and departments will continue to donate blood as a duty. The reason is that values are not changed, it did not really understand the "blood donation law > the spirit of legislation. So it is necessary to conduct in-depth study of blood donation legal attribute, in order to ensure the smooth implementation of our system of blood donation. Blood donation" exists in practice apportionments "is actually a blood donation will act as a legal obligation, the theory should be a moral obligation to donate blood for the legal property that, rather than a legal obligation. From the existing legal provisions, the relevant legal documents in the" voluntary blood donation "and" encourage blood donation "does not have the obligation specification features the use of vocabulary that blood donation behavior in China has not been confirmed as a legal obligation. The legal obligation set reflect stands for a behavior in ethics, Xian The blood to dispose of his body to save others in moral behavior should be a kind of altruistic behavior or moral behavior, and moral obligation not to harm others from far. Do not have the moral compulsion by law "legislation act imposed" as a legal obligation of the apparent lack of legal rationality, so the blood donation from there is no possibility of legal obligation has increased. The blood on the level of ethics and morals is not a moral obligation, but a kind of altruistic behavior or moral behavior, the behavior essentially belongs to the desire of the moral level, is a kind of virtue and moral obligations. And moral rights include no violation of others right, without the interference of others desire altruistic behavior, moral behavior is moral rights should have meaning, so the blood donation should be a moral right of legal rights is. Can more reflect the interests and moral level, blood donation as a moral right, which has become the legal right. The feasibility of China's current "blood donation law > also use authorized norms to regulate the behavior of blood donation, blood donation should therefore actually is a legal right. Right after the clear blood donation, in order to achieve protect the blood donation rights, as soon as possible to solve the long-standing" shortage "problem, and promote the healthy development of the cause of China's blood donation, they need to set up and improve the supporting system and the corresponding rights cannot be enforced, otherwise it will lose its meaning. The obligation to promote the allocation of responsibility for the consequences of their performance, and rights the more need to rely on the corresponding incentive measures, especially in order to promote the exercise of rights. Rights of relief, no right without relief, promote the rights necessary to design and phase Close the relief system. In practice, inevitably there will be some deformation, which need to be complemented by effective implementation of the corresponding supervisory mechanism to protect the system. Therefore, the realization of the rights guarantee blood donation system design shall include but not limited to the blood donation rights incentive system, supervision mechanism and relief system.

【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D922.16

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