论我国刑事错案的成因及救济

发布时间：2018-08-05 12:55

【摘要】：近年来,刑事错案的陆续曝光一次又一次地刺激公众的神经,引发社会民众的强烈反响。刑事错案不但给涉案当事人的合法权益造成严重侵害,而且也极大破坏司法权威与公信力。虽然“不枉不纵”一直作为刑事诉讼所追求的终极目标,然而刑事司法作为一种回溯性的认知活动,难免受到人类认知能力局限性与案情本身复杂性的影响,以至于绝对“不枉不纵”理想很难实现。因此,刑事错案无法绝对避免。但同时值得肯定的一点是,先进司法理念的贯彻落实,制度设计的科学合理,诉讼程序的严格遵守对于预防错案的发生有着至关重要的作用。刑事错案发生后,怎样减轻、弥补给错案无辜者带来的伤害,使其尽快回归社会,也是我们面临的棘手问题。本文主体可分为以下四个部分,其中第一部分为刑事错案的概念界定。除了对刑事错案的概念进行准确定义外,还从概念辨析、内涵属性、外延大小等方面分析刑事错案与刑事司法错误、冤案的相互关系,这是系统深入研究错案相关问题的基础和前提。第二部分为近年来纠正的15起典型错案的样本分析。笔者试图通过对这些案件的基本情况以及错案产生的主要原因的分析归纳,进而总结出我国刑事错案典型特征以及相似的致错成因。第三部分为我国刑事错案的成因及救济机制分析。一方面,探讨错案得以酿成的背后原因,主要从刑事司法理念、绩效考评、证据制度、律师辩护、监督制约以及刑事审判等六个方面进行探讨,以便更好地提出行之有效的错案防范对策。另一方面,分析错案救济弱化的现状及原因,具体从我国目前错案的发现与纠正方式和错案赔偿方面着手,其目的在于及时发现和纠正更多的错案,更好地贯彻落实国家赔偿,最大程度减轻给错案无辜者带来的伤害,从而实现司法的公平与正义。第四部分为错案的防范对策与救济机制的完善与构想。一方面,针对前述错案的成因分析,从改进司法理念、完善绩效考评、严守非法证据排除规则与证据裁判原则、重视律师辩护作用、规制公检法三机关的权力以及完善审判中心主义的诉讼模式等方面展开论述,希望能起到降低错案发生率,切实维护公民权益的作用。另一方面,结合我国目前刑事错案救济机制弱化的现状,同时借鉴英美等国家的成功经验做法,进而提出我国错案救济机制的完善建议和改革方向。其主要包括尝试设立独立的刑事申诉案件复审委员会以及民间援助机构,健全当事人的申诉审查程序,规范检察机关的申诉工作;增设错案赔偿权利告知义务,扩大赔偿范围,提高赔偿金计算标准与数额,完善追偿制度以及使错案无辜者尽快回归社会的其他制度保障,进而拓宽错案救济渠道,实现权利的及时维护与保障。
[Abstract]:In recent years, criminal cases have been exposed time after time to stimulate public nerves, causing strong public reaction. The wrong criminal case not only seriously infringes the legal rights and interests of the parties involved, but also greatly undermines the judicial authority and credibility. Although it has always been the ultimate goal of criminal proceedings, criminal justice, as a retrospective cognitive activity, is inevitably influenced by the limitation of human cognitive ability and the complexity of the case itself. So it is difficult to realize the ideal of absolute "not in vain". Therefore, criminal error can not be absolutely avoided. But at the same time, it is worth affirming that the implementation of the advanced judicial idea, the scientific and reasonable design of the system, and the strict observance of the litigation procedure play an important role in preventing the occurrence of wrong cases. How to reduce and make up for the injury to innocent people after the occurrence of criminal misdemeanor is also the thorny problem that we are faced with. The main body of this paper can be divided into the following four parts, the first part is the definition of the concept of criminal error. In addition to the accurate definition of the concept of criminal wrong case, it also analyzes the relationship between criminal wrong case and criminal judicial error and injustice from the aspects of concept differentiation, intension attribute, extension and so on. This is the basis and premise of systematic and in-depth study on the related problems of wrong cases. The second part is the sample analysis of 15 typical cases corrected in recent years. The author tries to sum up the typical characteristics and similar causes of the wrong cases through the analysis of the basic situation of these cases and the main causes of the wrong cases. The third part is the analysis of the causes and relief mechanism of the criminal error cases in our country. On the one hand, it discusses the reasons behind the occurrence of wrong cases, mainly from six aspects, such as criminal justice concept, performance appraisal, evidence system, lawyer's defense, supervision and restriction, and criminal trial. In order to better put forward effective countermeasures against wrong cases. On the other hand, it analyzes the present situation and causes of the weakening of the remedy for the wrong case, and proceeds from the discovery and correction of the wrong case and the compensation for the wrong case, the purpose of which is to find and correct more wrong cases in time, and to better implement the state compensation. To minimize the harm to innocent people, so as to achieve justice and justice. The fourth part is the perfection and conception of preventive countermeasures and relief mechanism. On the one hand, based on the analysis of the causes of the above-mentioned misdeeds, we should improve the judicial concept, perfect the performance appraisal, strictly observe the rule of illegal evidence exclusion and the principle of evidence adjudication, and attach importance to the role of lawyers in defense. This paper discusses the power of three organs of Public Security Bureau, Procuratorate and Court, as well as perfecting the litigation mode of judicial centralism, in the hope of reducing the incidence of wrong cases and safeguarding the rights and interests of citizens. On the other hand, combined with the present situation of the weakening of the remedy mechanism of the misguided criminal cases in our country, and drawing lessons from the successful experiences of Britain and the United States and other countries, the author puts forward some suggestions and reform directions for the improvement of the remedy mechanism of the wrong cases in China. It mainly includes trying to set up an independent review committee of criminal appeal cases and private aid organizations, perfecting the appeal examination procedure of the parties, standardizing the appeal work of the procuratorial organs, setting up the obligation to inform the right of compensation in wrong cases, and expanding the scope of compensation. We should improve the standard and amount of compensation calculation, perfect the system of recovery and other institutional guarantees for the innocent people to return to the society as soon as possible, and then broaden the relief channels for wrong cases and realize the timely maintenance and protection of rights.
【学位授予单位】：甘肃政法学院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D925.2

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