中国近代大学预科发展研究

发布时间：2018-01-18 07:05

本文关键词：中国近代大学预科发展研究　出处：《华东师范大学》2012年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：中国近代大学预科制度确立于1902年,废止于1922年,大学预科实践的时间虽较制度为长,前后相加亦不过多出十余年的光景,在中国教育近代化过程中可视为昙花一现。然而作为沟通中学与大学的中介,大学预科直接关系到中学教育与大学教育的各自发展与相互沟通,实为影响中国近代学制建设的重要因素。本文主要考察了近代大学预科制度与实践的沿革,希望能对近代中学、大学教育史研究的深入有所帮助,为当今中学、大学的衔接提供一定的历史借鉴。 1902年亟待复办的京师大学堂缺乏应入中学毕业生源,直接催生了中国近代大学预科制度。近代大学预科制度是以日本为师建立起来的,除京师大学堂设大学预备科外,各省于省会设立的大学预备科称为“高等学堂”,从学校名称到学科分类、课程设置,都与日本“高等学校”如出一辙。执政者如此形式主义地将日本经过几十年摸索而形成的高等学校制度全盘照搬,看似决心极大,但实际上却流于纸上谈兵,在中学教育刚刚起步,尚未成为大学生源基地的阶段,清末高等学堂仅起到了暂替中学堂的作用。民国建立之初,清末高等学堂种种名实不符的弊端已充分显现出来,但鉴于中学教育尚不能与大学教育直接沟通,故民初学制对大学预科制度的调整是,废除清末设于各省的高等学堂,大学预科须附设于大学,不得独立。大学预科附设大学的制度调整明确了大学预科的学段归属,使得大学预科逐渐摆脱了清末等同中学堂的境地,大学预科的主要任务亦由中学补习转变为高等专门教育之预备。但因中学教育的薄弱,民初大学预科的发展仍是有限的。近代大学预科是因中学毕业生源不足而直接催生的,至20世纪20年代前后,伴随着基础教育的发展,大学生源较之清末已有了一定的保障,如仍坚持设立大学预科,必在时间、经费等诸多方面造成不必要的浪费,成为拖慢高等教育发展的包袱,再加上学界在新学制的模仿对象上弃日选美,美制并无大学预科设置,故1922年的“新学制”废除大学预科,中学施行“六三三制”,规定由高级中学承担大学预科的功能。制度的确立并未在实践中即时生效,因大学的强势与中学的积弱,大学固守预科的情形屡见不鲜,直至1930年,在教育部反复重申废止大学预科令后,大学预科的废止才得到彻底执行。近代大学预科产生、演变、废止的全程在北京大学预科得到了清晰地、完整地展现,作为中国近代大学预科教育的领头羊,北京大学预科一直以附设于大学的形式,借助了北京大学优质的教育资源,切实承担了为北京大学本科输送合格、优质生源的使命。从历史渊源角度看,近代大学预科源于欧洲,确切地说,始于中世纪大学的文学院。自12世纪至18、19世纪,依据中世纪大学四学院模式建成的大学均将文学院作为医、法、神三个高级学院的预备教育机构。自18、19世纪始,伴随着大学日益专业化的发展趋势,文学院作为大学预科的效能也逐渐消减,原由文学院承担的预备教育逐渐交由独立于大学之外的中等教育机构负责。旨在为接受高等教育做准备的文法学校经由英国传至美国,先于大学产生,在大学产生后,自动成为大学的预备学校。至19世纪中叶,已历经几个世纪的发展,大学预科功能亦已由中学承担的西方三级学校系统传入中国,20世纪初,中国仿照西方三级学制骤然建立起一个从学前教育到研究院教育,从普通教育到实业技术教育的十分完整的教育体系,却难以落于实处,近代大学预科的出现即是为解决因三级学校教育处于同一起跑线,彼此间无法衔接而产生的生源不足问题,原本为无奈之下的权宜之计,但从近代大学预科的发展全程看,它确实起到了暂时连结上下学段的作用,在一定程度保证了大学的发展,但于学制中独立设置大学预科的做法,一方面有延长修业年限之弊,另一方面与中学、大学直接沟通的教育发展趋向相背,故从其产生之日起便面临着被废除的结局。今日之中国,存在从侨务政策、民族政策角度考虑而开设的,不彰于学制的大学预科,中学以升学为主要职能的倾向亦未更改,近代大学预科的历史经验值得关注。
[Abstract]:The system of modern university preparatory China established in 1902, abolished in 1922, college preparatory practice time is relatively long before and after adding system, but also more than ten years, in the process of modernization of education Chinese considered as a communication medium. However, flower briefly as the broad-leaved epiphyllum high school and University, matriculation directly related to secondary education and university education for their own development and communicate with each other, is animportant factor to affect Chinese modern educational system construction. This paper mainly investigates the evolution of the modern university system and practice, in hopes of the modern middle school, the history of Education Research University further help for today's high school, provide a historical reference for University cohesion.
Peking University in 1902 to re run into the middle school students lack, directly led to the foundation of modern university system Chinese. The modern university foundation system is to learn from Japan to set up, in addition to Beijing Normal University School a college preparatory department, established by the provincial capitals college prep called "high school" from the name of the school. To the classification of disciplines, curriculum, and Japan's "high school" is exactly the same. So the formalism to Japan after decades of exploration and the formation of higher school system copy, seemingly determined greatly, but actually turned out to be empty talk, in the middle school education has just started, has not yet become a university student base stage, in the late Qing Dynasty high school only played a role temporarily for school.
The establishment of the Republic of China at the beginning of high school in various drawbacks in late Qing Dynasty is not fully revealed, but in view of middle school education is not in direct communication with university education, so people on the beginner adjustment system pre university system is a high school located in the provinces in late Qing Dynasty, the abolition of the university foundation to be attached to the University, college preparatory attached to not be independent. The system adjust University clear pre university study period of ownership, making the University Foundation gradually get rid of the equivalent to the middle school situation, the main task of matriculation from middle school tutorial into higher education. But the special reserve because of weak middle school education, the college development is still limited.
The modern university foundation due to lack of middle school students and directly spawned, to around 1920s, with the development of basic education, university students than in the late Qing Dynasty has a certain security, if still insist on the establishment of the University matriculation, will in time, money and other aspects caused unnecessary waste, dragged into a slow development of higher education the baggage with public object in imitation of the new system on the abandoned on beauty, no American college preparatory set, so in 1922 the "new system" to abolish the college preparatory middle school, the implementation of the "633 system", the function provided by the high school take college preparatory. Establishment of the system is not in practice for immediate effect. Strong and Middle School of the University and university preparatory to the It is often seen. until 1930, and reiterated the Ministry of education abolished matriculation order, abolished college preparatory is to be fully implemented.
The modern university foundation, evolution, abolished throughout the Preparatory School of Peking University has been clear, complete show, as a leader of the preparatory education Chinese modern university, Peking University foundation has been attached to the University, with Peking University's high quality educational resources, take the Peking University undergraduate qualified, high-quality students mission.
From the historical perspective, the modern university foundation originated in Europe, specifically, began in the Medieval University Faculty of Arts. From twelfth Century to 18,19 century, according to medieval universities four universities are mode of liberal arts as medicine, law, prepare to teach God the three senior college education institutions. Since the 18,19 century. With the development trend of increasing specialization, the college as a college preparatory efficiency is also reduced gradually, the reason for the college preparatory education secondary education institutions gradually pay by independent college outside responsible. To accept higher education for the grammar school spread to the United States via Britain before the University, in the University have after automatically become the University Preparatory School. To the middle of the nineteenth Century, has gone through several centuries of development, has been undertaken by the preparatory function of university middle school three grade school system into the western Chinese, twentieth Century At the beginning, Chinese western three tiered has set up a Research Institute of education from preschool education to education, from the ordinary to industrial technology education is a comprehensive education system, it is hard to fall in the reality, the emergence of the modern university foundation is due to the three stage of school education in the same starting line, the problem of lack of students each other can connect and produce, originally as a matter of expediency but under the development of modern university, but from the whole, it does play a temporary link under the school period, to ensure the development of the University in a certain degree, but in the educational system of independent college preparatory practices, on the one hand to extend the length of the length of the harm, on the other hand with the middle school, University of direct communication between the trend of education development phase, is generated from the date they faced was abolished by the end. Chinese today, from the overseas Chinese policy, the national policy angle The tendencies of college preparatory courses, which are not considered in academic system, have not been changed. The historical experience of modern university preparatory course is noteworthy.

【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：G529

【相似文献】