亲近自然:工匠实践的知识分子与实验主义的兴起

发布时间：2018-01-19 16:22

本文关键词： 工匠-知识分子工具和仪器艺术家-工程师机械自然观工艺大师-哲学家-科学家实验主义　出处：《自然辩证法通讯》2014年05期 　论文类型：期刊论文

【摘要】：15世纪时,随着世俗王权扩张和生产力发展,不断增大的自由劳动者阶级和自由手工业者阶级以及雇主,积极寻求节省劳动的新办法,使得重大实用发明超乎人们的想象。在这一社会变革浪潮中,工匠和艺人的地位得到提升,工艺技能开始向学问领域合并,这既导致了近代人关于世界的本体论转变,也开启了实践工艺、贸易技能与哲学和数学抽象原则以及文学技能的结合。随着机械自然观的兴起,自然作为技巧产物的观念置换了希腊人的理论理想。这一时期的艺术家-工程师既是实验主义理念的重要奠基者,也是实验主义物质基础——工具和仪器——的奠基人,但其局限性也是明显的。在实验哲学的意义上,与之可比较的是伽利略式的工艺大师-哲学家-科学家。因为,尽管文艺复兴以来自然科学的发展是以工具和仪器为中枢的,但它们的发展却是由关于自然知识的哲学-科学理性及其发展所导引、所规定、所促成的。
[Abstract]:In 15th century, with the expansion of secular Wang Quan and the development of productive forces, the ever-increasing class of free laborers, free craftsmen and employers actively sought new ways to save labor. In this wave of social change, craftsmen and entertainers were promoted, and craftsmanship began to merge into the field of learning. This not only led to the ontological transformation of modern man about the world, but also opened the practice of technology, trade skills and philosophy and mathematical abstract principles, as well as literary skills, with the rise of mechanical natural view. The idea of nature as a product of skill replaced the theoretical ideal of the Greeks. The artist-engineer of this period was an important founder of the idea of experimentalism. It is also the founder of the material foundation of experimentalism tools and instrumentsbut its limitation is also obvious in the sense of experimental philosophy. Comparable to this is the Galileo craftsman-philosopher-scientist, because, despite the development of natural science since the Renaissance, tools and instruments are at the centre. But their development is guided by philosophy-scientific reason and its development about natural knowledge.
【作者单位】：山西大学外国语学院;
【基金】：教育部人文社会科学研究规划基金项目“关于西方科学文化之渊源与嬗变的历史梳理和哲学考察”(项目批准号:12YJA720006)
【分类号】：G420
【正文快照】： 历史地看,经验认知对于喜欢沉思的古希腊人来说是异己的认知类型,原因是当时沉思态度占统治地位,古希腊圣贤厌恶那些具体实践的东西。([1],p.223)欧洲中世纪知识分子虽也有一些实践文化活动,但他们的主流文化是关于宗教信仰的理性论证。然而,文艺复兴学者却强调经验在知识基础

【共引文献】