战后德国非纳粹化与再教育运动中的思想教育研究
发布时间：2018-09-09 20:33
【摘要】：作为二十世纪最具影响力的事件,二战一直备受史学家的关注。其中,战后对德思想改造问题也常常被研究者所提起。然而对于这段历史的认识,直到今天,仍有进一步挖掘的空间。一些更深入的问题还缺少应有的关注。例如,能否直观地运用数字将战后的非纳粹化与再教育运动给普通德国人带来的影响量化,而不仅仅是抽象地概括?如果这场发生在四十年代的运动真的给予了德国人极大震撼,那为什么直到六、七十年代才出现大规模的反思,而不是更早?考虑到人口结构在战后的几十年间发生了变化,后来反思与当年支持纳粹的是否是同一群人?如果不是的话,那又是什么原因造成了这种差异?要回答以上问题,就得设法还原当时的民众对于战后那场大规模思想改造运动的回应,而这正是不少现有研究的不足之处。相关论文大都重视利用历史人物或新闻媒体的评论来分析论证民众在思想改造中所受的影响,这种研究方法显然有失严谨,毕竟此类评论的客观性难以得到保证。本文有意在这里弥补这种缺憾。文章通过大量分析当年的民调数据,再现了德国普通民众在战后走过的心路历程。结果表明,战后初期的多数德国人既缺乏对民主思想的认可,也没能摆脱对纳粹政权的留恋,这与宣称“非纳粹化和再教育对普通德国人产生了极大震撼”的论断有很大出入。事实上,当时的民众对政治毫不关心。是什么原因造成了这一现象?民调结果显示,战后糟糕的社会状况与这种心态有很大的联系,在那个食不果腹的年代,人们根本无心过问衣食住行以外的事,虚脱,或许是最能形容当时德国人精神状态的词了。在此结论的基础之上,文章又结合战前战后的经济数据分析了民众对纳粹主义和民主政治这两个矛盾体复杂态度的历史根源,指出正是社会状况在这两个时期的巨大反差造成了这种心态。最后,在这一思路的帮助下,文章又继续往下深入,探讨了六、七十年代出现的大规模反思与之前的思想改造和经济重建之间的关联,再次用数据说话,揭示了经济重建和思想改造运动对这种反思的促进作用,同时也创造性地分析了一项关键性变量——人口结构变化,借此解决了一个长期被忽略的问题,即彻底反思的,是否如人们以为的那样是当年支持纳粹的那些人?如果不是,原因又在哪里?毫无疑问,对以上话题的探讨,将完善人们对战后思想改造运动的评价,并帮助理解社会状况对民众心态的影响。
[Abstract]:As the most influential event of the twentieth century, World War II has been the focus of historians. Among them, the postwar ideological transformation of Germany is often raised by researchers. However, the understanding of this section of history, until today, there is still room for further excavation. Some deeper issues lack the attention they deserve. For example, can numbers be used intuitively to quantify the impact of the post-war deNazization and re-education movement on ordinary Germans, rather than simply summarising it in the abstract? If the movement that took place in the 1940s really shocked the Germans, why didn't there be a massive rethink until the 1960s and 1970s, rather than earlier? Given the demographic changes that took place in the decades after the war, it was later reflected whether the same group of people had supported the Nazis? If not, what causes the difference? To answer these questions, it is necessary to try to restore the response of the people of the time to the postwar mass ideological transformation movement, which is the deficiency of many existing studies. Most of the relevant papers attach importance to the use of historical figures or news media comments to analyze and demonstrate the impact of the people in the ideological transformation, this research method is obviously not rigorous, after all, the objectivity of such comments can not be guaranteed. This article intends to make up for this shortcoming here. By analyzing the poll data of the year, the article reproduces the psychological course of the German common people after the war. The results show that the majority of Germans in the early postwar period have neither accepted democratic ideas nor been able to get rid of their nostalgia for the Nazi regime, which is quite different from the claim that "non-Nazism and re-education have a great impact on ordinary Germans". In fact, the people of that time had no interest in politics. What is the cause of this phenomenon? The poll results show that the poor social situation after the war is strongly related to this mentality. In those days when there was not enough food, people had no intention of asking about things other than food, clothing, housing and travel. Perhaps the best description of the German state of mind at that time. On the basis of this conclusion, the article also analyzes the historical root of the people's complex attitude towards the two contradictions of Nazism and democratic politics with the economic data before and after the war. It is pointed out that it is the great contrast between the social conditions in these two periods that causes this mentality. Finally, with the help of this idea, the article went on to explore the relationship between the large-scale reflection that occurred in the sixties and seventies and the previous ideological and economic reconstruction, and spoke again with data. It reveals the role of economic reconstruction and ideological transformation in promoting this kind of reflection, and at the same time creatively analyzes a key variable, population structure change, in order to solve a problem that has been neglected for a long time, that is, thoroughly rethinking, Are they the people who supported the Nazis, as people thought? If not, why? There is no doubt that the discussion of the above topics will improve people's evaluation of the postwar ideological reform movement and help understand the influence of social conditions on people's mentality.
【学位授予单位】：上海外国语大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：G41;G551.6
本文编号：2233493
[Abstract]:As the most influential event of the twentieth century, World War II has been the focus of historians. Among them, the postwar ideological transformation of Germany is often raised by researchers. However, the understanding of this section of history, until today, there is still room for further excavation. Some deeper issues lack the attention they deserve. For example, can numbers be used intuitively to quantify the impact of the post-war deNazization and re-education movement on ordinary Germans, rather than simply summarising it in the abstract? If the movement that took place in the 1940s really shocked the Germans, why didn't there be a massive rethink until the 1960s and 1970s, rather than earlier? Given the demographic changes that took place in the decades after the war, it was later reflected whether the same group of people had supported the Nazis? If not, what causes the difference? To answer these questions, it is necessary to try to restore the response of the people of the time to the postwar mass ideological transformation movement, which is the deficiency of many existing studies. Most of the relevant papers attach importance to the use of historical figures or news media comments to analyze and demonstrate the impact of the people in the ideological transformation, this research method is obviously not rigorous, after all, the objectivity of such comments can not be guaranteed. This article intends to make up for this shortcoming here. By analyzing the poll data of the year, the article reproduces the psychological course of the German common people after the war. The results show that the majority of Germans in the early postwar period have neither accepted democratic ideas nor been able to get rid of their nostalgia for the Nazi regime, which is quite different from the claim that "non-Nazism and re-education have a great impact on ordinary Germans". In fact, the people of that time had no interest in politics. What is the cause of this phenomenon? The poll results show that the poor social situation after the war is strongly related to this mentality. In those days when there was not enough food, people had no intention of asking about things other than food, clothing, housing and travel. Perhaps the best description of the German state of mind at that time. On the basis of this conclusion, the article also analyzes the historical root of the people's complex attitude towards the two contradictions of Nazism and democratic politics with the economic data before and after the war. It is pointed out that it is the great contrast between the social conditions in these two periods that causes this mentality. Finally, with the help of this idea, the article went on to explore the relationship between the large-scale reflection that occurred in the sixties and seventies and the previous ideological and economic reconstruction, and spoke again with data. It reveals the role of economic reconstruction and ideological transformation in promoting this kind of reflection, and at the same time creatively analyzes a key variable, population structure change, in order to solve a problem that has been neglected for a long time, that is, thoroughly rethinking, Are they the people who supported the Nazis, as people thought? If not, why? There is no doubt that the discussion of the above topics will improve people's evaluation of the postwar ideological reform movement and help understand the influence of social conditions on people's mentality.
【学位授予单位】：上海外国语大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：G41;G551.6
【参考文献】
相关硕士学位论文 前1条
1 吴琼;战后西德对纳粹历史的反省研究[D];华中师范大学;2014年
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