日本近代普及义务教育研究

发布时间：2018-06-30 20:13

本文选题：日本 + 近代　；参考：《河北大学》2010年博士论文

【摘要】： 教育是一个国家和民族最根本的事业。实施义务教育是一个国家走向现代文明的重要标志。日本自明治维新以来,迅速普及义务教育,提高国民受教育水平,由教育后进国家变成教育先进之邦,为实现资本主义现代化提供大量人才支持和智力保障,使其在短短半个世纪成为资本主义强国,走在了世界前列。纵观日本近代普及义务教育历程,既可洞悉教育与经济社会发展的依存与互动,又能探究教育自身发展的内在规律。德川幕府时代是一个给予日本近代以重要影响的时代。幕府末期日本教育的快速发展特别是寺子屋和乡校的发展,为明治维新后普及初等教育奠定了坚实的基础。明治维新变革后,日本快速走上发展资本主义的道路。明治政府积极推进教育普及,把发展教育作为殖产兴业和富国强兵的重要手段。通过学习模仿欧美教育制度,1872年颁布《学制》,提出普及8年制初等教育,确立普及初等教育制度。随后颁布《教育令》、《改正教育令》、《再次改正教育令》,调整普及初等教育政策,缩短普及初等教育年限,推动初等教育的发展。法令具有强制力,是普及义务教育的重要法律保障。日本正式提出并实施义务教育以《小学校令》的颁布为标志。在森有礼国家主义教育思想指导下,1886年颁布《小学校令》,提出普及4年制义务教育,正式确立近代普及义务教育制度。随着小学校的快速发展,学龄儿童就学率明显提升;不断增加义务教育投入,对小学经费实行国库补助制度;颁布《师范学校令》,建立师范教育体系。1900年实施4年制免费义务教育。1907年提出实施6年制免费义务教育。1910年基本实现了普及6年制义务教育,成为近代东方最早实现普及6年制义务教育的国家。普及义务教育年限的长短,是衡量一个国家教育能力的重要标志。随着普及6年制义务教育的实现,1917年临时教育会议提出普及8年制义务教育的构想。此后多次提出普及8年制义务教育,并积极为实施8年制义务教育作准备。1941年颁布《国民学校令》,决定从1944年开始实施8年制义务教育。由于第二次世界大战爆发,日本全面进入战时状态,到第二次世界大战结束,普及8年制义务教育仍未实现。日本近代快速实现普及义务教育,有着重要的政治、经济、文化等因素。日本以教育为立国之本,从教育兴国的战略高度实施普及义务教育;一些政治家、启蒙思想家、教育家积极宣传普及教育思想,为普及义务教育提供重要的舆论导向,营造了良好的社会氛围;广大民众兴学重教,对普及义务教育表现出极大热情并给予鼎力支持。在推进普及义务教育进程中,重视立法,先后制定和颁布《学制》、《教育令》、《小学校令》、《师范学校令》等一系列教育法令和规章制度,为普及义务教育提供了法律制度保障。不断增加教育投入,逐步实行免费义务教育,为普及义务教育提供重要的经济基础和财政保障。坚持均衡发展的普及义务教育原则,促进城乡义务教育全面普及。坚持因地制宜的发展原则,使普及义务教育更加切合日本经济社会发展的实际。大力发展师范教育,兴办师范学校,努力培养小学教员,为普及义务教育提供重要的师资保障。日本近代普及义务教育走过的是一条极不寻常的道路,取得了显著成就,积累了丰富经验,也经历过很多曲折,遭受过损毁和危机。研究日本近代普及义务教育的历程,吸取先进经验,摒弃错误教训,方能做到古为今用和洋为中用。对日本近代普及义务教育进行更加深入具体地分析和研究,仍是外国教育史学科需要探究的未尽领域。
[Abstract]:Education is the most fundamental cause of a country and a nation. Compulsory education is an important symbol of a country's trend towards modern civilization. Since the Meiji Restoration, Japan has rapidly popularized compulsory education, raised the level of the national education, and became a state of advanced education from the backward state of education to provide a large amount of talent support for the realization of the modernization of capitalism. And the intellectual guarantee, making it a powerful capitalist country in the short half of a century, is in the forefront of the world. In the course of modern Japanese popularization of compulsory education, it can not only understand the dependence and interaction between education and economic and social development, but also explore the inherent law of the development of education itself.
The time of Tokugawa Shogunate was an era that gave an important influence to modern Japan. The rapid development of Japanese education at the end of the shogunate, especially the development of the temple Zi hut and the township school, laid a solid foundation for the popularization of elementary education after Meiji Restoration. After the Meiji Restoration, Japan took the road of capitalist development quickly. The Meiji government was actively advancing Education is popularized and development education is regarded as an important means of developing and enriching industry and rich country and force. Through learning and imitating the educational system in Europe and the United States, in 1872, the education system was promulgated, the 8 year primary education was popularized and the primary education system was popularized. Short popularization of primary education years will promote the development of primary education.
The decree is compulsory and is an important legal guarantee for universal compulsory education. Japan has formally proposed and implemented compulsory education as a symbol of the promulgation of the primary school order. Under the guidance of the ideology of salute nationalism, the "primary school order" was promulgated in 1886, the 4 year compulsory education was popularized, and the modern universal compulsory education system was formally established. With the fact that the system of modern universal compulsory education has been formally established. With the rapid development of school, the school age children's learning rate has been improved obviously; the compulsory education input has been continuously increased, the State Treasury subsidy system is implemented for the primary school funds, the order of the normal school, the establishment of the normal education system in.1900 year and the implementation of the free compulsory education of the 4 year system in the year.1907 to implement the compulsory education free compulsory education for the period of the 6 year system have basically realized the 6 year doctrine of popularization. Education became the first country to realize universal compulsory education in 6 years.
The length of the compulsory education for universal compulsory education is an important symbol to measure the education ability of a country. With the realization of the popularization of 6 year compulsory education, the provisional education conference in 1917 puts forward the idea of popularizing the compulsory education of 8 year system. Since then, it has been put forward several times to popularize the compulsory education of the 8 year system, and actively prepare for the implementation of the compulsory education of 8 years in the.1941 year. The 8 year compulsory education has been implemented from 1944. Because of the outbreak of the Second World War, Japan has fully entered the wartime state, and by the end of the Second World War, the compulsory education for the 8 year system has not yet been realized.
Japan's modern rapid realization of universal compulsory education has important political, economic, cultural and other factors. Japan takes education as the foundation of the country and implements universal compulsory education from the strategic height of education to build the country; some politicians, enlightenment thinkers, educationists actively publicize and popularize education thought, and provide important guidance for the popularization of compulsory education. A good social atmosphere has been created; the masses of the masses have been studying heavy education, showing great enthusiasm and support for universal compulsory education. In promoting the process of popularizing compulsory education, we attach importance to legislation and have formulated and promulgated a series of educational decrees and rules and regulations, such as "school system >", "education order >", "primary school order >", "normal school order" and so on, for the popularization of compulsory education. Education provides legal system guarantee, increasing education input, gradually carrying out free compulsory education, providing important economic basis and financial guarantee for universal compulsory education. Adhere to the principle of universal compulsory education for the balanced development, promote the comprehensive popularization of compulsory education in urban and rural areas. In accordance with the reality of economic and social development in Japan, we should vigorously develop normal education, set up normal schools, and strive to train primary school teachers, and provide important teacher guarantee for universal compulsory education.
The modern Japanese compulsory education has gone through a very unusual road, which has made remarkable achievements, accumulated rich experience, experienced many twists and turns, suffered damage and crisis. It is possible to study the course of popularizing compulsory education in Japan in modern times, absorb advanced experience and abandon wrong lessons, so that it can be used in the past for the present and in the middle of the world. The further analysis and research of popularizing compulsory education in modern times is still an unexplored field in the discipline of foreign education history.
【学位授予单位】：河北大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：G531.3

【引证文献】