高等教育入学机会的城乡结构失衡问题研究

发布时间：2019-03-15 11:49

【摘要】：随着我国改革开放政策地不断深入,人民的生活水平不断提高,城乡差距也在日益拉大。我国基础教育的城乡二元发展结构进一步加剧了城乡子女在高等教育机会上的不均等。虽然我国高等教育已经进入大众化发展阶段,农村大学生总量也在不断增加,但是农村大学生在重点大学中所占比例却在不断下降,在非重点大学中所占比例不断上升。隐藏在高等教育大众化顺利推进背后的是日益严重的高等教育入学机会的城乡结构失衡问题。要想削弱城乡差距对高等教育机会的消极影响,最大限度的发挥高等教育在经济发展和社会流动中的积极作用,进一步促进社会公平正义,必须从影响高等教育入学机会的诸因素着手,探索实现高等教育入学机会城乡均衡发展的有效措施。笔者认为当前我国基础教育的城乡二元结构与高等教育入学机会之间存在着互动关系。一方面,我国现行的基础教育城乡二元结构影响着农村子女的高等教育入学机会；另一方面,高等教育机会的城乡结构失衡又阻碍和固化了社会流动,阻碍着农村基础教育发展。我国高等教育入学机会城乡结构失衡的原因主要体现在：第一,“效率优先兼顾公平”的国家发展理念,使得我国在基础教育投入上出现了“重城市轻农村”的二元结构。农村基础教育资源极其匮乏而城市的重点学校却掌握着绝大多数优质教育资源,进而影响了农村学生的基础教育质量；第二,高考录取制度中的“城市化”倾向进一步压缩了农村学生的重点大学入学机会；第三,现行高等教育的高昂的学费和低水平的资助模式使得很多贫困的农村学生对重点大学的入学机会望而却步；第四,大学生就业困难的现状促发了农村新一轮“读书无用论”。本研究认为要有效解决高等教育入学机会城乡结构失衡问题,应从政府教育政策和高等教育系统两方面着手。一方面政府应当树立正确的教育价值观和发展观,并统筹发展城乡基础教育办学,给予城乡子女同等质量的基础教育机会以扩大农村学生在重点大学的比重；另一方面对于高等教育系统本身,可以通过完善高等教育录取体制、收费一资助体制,同时政府制定相关政策保证农村大学生就业不受户籍歧视,从而加快实现我国高等教育入学机会城乡均衡发展的目标。
[Abstract]:With the deepening of China's reform and opening-up policy, the people's living standards are constantly improving, and the gap between urban and rural areas is widening day by day. The urban-rural dual development structure of basic education in China further aggravates the unequal opportunities of urban and rural children in higher education. Although China's higher education has entered the stage of popular development and the total number of rural college students is also increasing, the proportion of rural college students in key universities is decreasing and the proportion of non-key universities is increasing. Hidden behind the smooth progress of the popularization of higher education is the increasingly serious urban and rural structure imbalance of higher education entrance opportunities. In order to weaken the negative impact of the urban-rural gap on higher education opportunities, to maximize the positive role of higher education in economic development and social mobility, and to further promote social equity and justice, It is necessary to explore the effective measures to realize the balanced development of higher education entrance opportunities in urban and rural areas from the factors that affect the entrance opportunities of higher education. The author thinks that there is an interactive relationship between the urban-rural dual structure of basic education and the entrance opportunity of higher education. On the one hand, the current urban-rural dual structure of basic education in China affects the opportunities for rural children to enter higher education; On the other hand, the imbalance of urban and rural structure of higher education opportunities hinders and solidifies the social mobility and hinders the development of rural basic education. The reasons for the imbalance of urban-rural structure of higher education entrance opportunities in China are as follows: first, the national development concept of "giving priority to efficiency and giving consideration to fairness" has made the dual structure of "attaching importance to cities over rural areas" in the investment of basic education in our country. Rural basic education resources are extremely scarce, while urban key schools hold the vast majority of high-quality education resources, thus affecting the quality of rural students' basic education; Second, the "urbanization" tendency in the college entrance examination system has further compressed the key university entrance opportunities for rural students; Third, the high tuition fees and the low level of financial support of the existing higher education make many poor rural students' entrance opportunities to key universities to be deterred; Fourth, the current situation of college students' employment difficulties promotes a new round of "useless reading theory" in rural areas. In order to effectively solve the imbalance of urban and rural structure of higher education entrance opportunities, we should start from the two aspects of government education policy and higher education system. On the one hand, the government should set up correct educational values and development view, and develop basic education in urban and rural areas as a whole, and give equal quality opportunities to urban and rural children in order to expand the proportion of rural students in key universities; On the other hand, the higher education system itself can be improved by improving the admission system of higher education and charging a subsidy system. At the same time, the government formulates relevant policies to ensure that the employment of rural college students is not subject to household registration discrimination. So as to speed up the realization of China's higher education entrance opportunities urban and rural balanced development objectives.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：G649.2

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