小学高年级数学作业现状及优化策略研究

发布时间：2018-10-09 19:13

【摘要】：作业从来都不是教育领域的一个“小问题”,作业应有的价值毋庸置疑。它既能帮助学生复习和巩固知识、提高学生的迁移能力,又能帮助教师了解学生的掌握状况,合理调整后续的教学计划。然而在教学实践中,由于作业的设计不当,或者在实施过程中不合理,学生的作业无论在数量还是在质量上,都不能尽如人意。在大量简单、重复的作业之下,教师和学生被压得喘不过气来,但是教学效果却没有得到提高。这种现象背离了教育教学的出发点,歪曲了作业的价值和作用,是值得深思和研究的。在学生的学习中,数学是一门简洁而高效的学科,数学教育一直在围绕着如何高效教学,快速提高学生的数理思维而不断探索。然而,低效甚至无效的数学作业在教师教学中并不罕见。如何改善数学作业的尴尬状况,优化数学作业的数量和质量,从根本上减轻教师和学生负担,是一个迫切需要解决的问题。笔者首先选取6所学校的330名高年级小学生、64位教师作为调查对象,通过问卷调查,笔者发现小学高年级的数学作业并不乐观。为了进一步探究高年级数学作业的现实状况,笔者还从调查的学校中,随机抽取一个班级作为案例,对该班级的数学作业进行追踪与调查。从作业的数量、作业的难度、作业的类型、作业的批改与讲评方式四个维度进行文本分析,揭示小学高年级数学作业中存在的问题与不足。在了解了高年级数学作业的状况以及存在的问题之后,笔者给出了如下结论,虽然课程改革由来已久,但是在作业领域仍然面临着诸多问题,主要表现在:教师对课堂作业的重视不够,学生无法当堂巩固与吸收;家庭作业数量大,且部分教师对习题缺乏甄别与再加工,导致作业质量不高;作业一刀切的现象突出,无法满足不同水平的学生需求;作业类型单一,教师多布置一些机械、重复的书面作业,缺乏动手实践和探究性作业,学生兴趣不足;在作业批改与讲评上,教师多采取包批包讲的方式,学生参与不足,作业反馈效果较差。针对以上问题,笔者从教师的教育观念、教师的教学能力、教育评价方式、社会影响等方面做出了初步的原因分析。最后,根据问卷调查和案例分析的结果,为了优化小学高年级的数学作业,切实减轻教师和学生的负担,笔者建议教师应当全面地认识到作业不仅是巩固和消化知识的工具,也是发展学生创新精神和提高学生社会实践能力的重要载体。在具体的作业设计上,教师应当合理调整家庭作业与课堂作业的比例,减少作业的数量,重视作业的质量,设计不同类型、不同难度的作业来适应学生身心发展的需要。对于作业的批改与讲评,教师要充分的激发学生的参与意识,采取多种方式的作业批改与讲评方式,让学生在批改与讲评中取人之长,补己之短。
[Abstract]:Homework is never a minor problem in education, and the value of homework is beyond doubt. It not only helps students to review and consolidate their knowledge, but also helps teachers to understand the students' mastery and adjust the following teaching plan. However, in teaching practice, due to improper design of homework, or unreasonable in the implementation process, students' homework is not satisfactory in quantity or quality. With a lot of simple, repetitive homework, teachers and students are overwhelmed, but teaching results have not improved. This phenomenon deviates from the starting point of education and teaching and distorts the value and function of homework. In the study of students, mathematics is a simple and efficient subject, mathematics education has been focusing on how to teach efficiently and improve students' mathematical thinking. However, inefficient or even ineffective math assignments are not uncommon in teachers' teaching. How to improve the awkward situation of mathematics homework, optimize the quantity and quality of mathematics homework, and lighten the burden of teachers and students fundamentally, is an urgent problem to be solved. At first, the author selected 330 senior pupils and 64 teachers from 6 schools as the objects of investigation. Through the questionnaire survey, the author found that the mathematics homework in the senior grade of primary school is not optimistic. In order to further explore the actual situation of senior mathematics homework, the author also randomly selected a class from the investigated school as a case to track and investigate the math homework of that class. The text analysis is carried out from four dimensions: the number of homework, the difficulty of homework, the type of homework, the way of correcting and commenting the homework, and reveals the problems and shortcomings in the mathematics homework in the senior grade of primary school. After understanding the situation and existing problems of senior mathematics homework, the author gives the following conclusions: although the curriculum reform has a long history, there are still many problems in the homework field. The main manifestations are: teachers do not pay enough attention to classroom homework, students can not be consolidated and absorbed; large number of homework, and some teachers lack of identification and reprocessing of exercises, resulting in poor quality of homework, the phenomenon of a one-size-fits-all problem is prominent. Unable to meet the needs of students at different levels; the type of homework is single, the teacher arranges some machines, the repeated written homework, the lack of hands-on practice and inquiry homework, the students' interest is not enough; in the homework correction and evaluation, Teachers often take the way of teaching by batching, students' participation is insufficient, and the effect of homework feedback is poor. In view of the above problems, the author makes a preliminary analysis of the reasons from the teachers' educational concept, teachers' teaching ability, educational evaluation methods, social impact and so on. Finally, according to the results of questionnaire survey and case analysis, in order to optimize the mathematics homework of the senior grade in primary school and lighten the burden of teachers and students, the author suggests that teachers should fully realize that homework is not only a tool for consolidating and digesting knowledge. It is also an important carrier to develop students' innovative spirit and improve their social practice ability. In the specific homework design, teachers should adjust the proportion of homework and classroom homework reasonably, reduce the number of homework, attach importance to the quality of homework, design different types and difficulties of homework to meet the needs of students' physical and mental development. For homework evaluation, teachers should fully arouse students' participation consciousness, adopt various ways of homework evaluation and comment, so that students can take the advantage of others and make up for their shortcomings.
【学位授予单位】：山东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：G623.5

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