产业生态视角下公益服务市场的构建及绩效影响

发布时间：2018-04-15 23:23

本文选题：公益服务市场 + 需求　；参考：《东北财经大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：随着经济发展和社会进步,中国公益事业取得较快的发展。但是在快速发展的背后,公益服务领域的发展却不尽人意。一方面,公益服务机构不仅数量少,而且大多处于“非法”状态,拥有专业人员,能够提供优质专业服务的机构更是稀少,这些公益服务机构募集资金受限,生存困难,创办人茫然无措；另一方面,消费者需要长期花费高价购买专业服务,普通家庭根本无法承受,服务质量却参差不齐,差距悬殊,这让很多利益相关者充满疑惑。由此可见,目前中国的公益服务市场是一个极不完善的市场。受助人群所需的基本的服务尚不能通过当前的市场交易行为得到满足；供给主体缺乏,在位者生存困难；市场中介组织没有发挥好其应有的作用,更糟糕的是,基金会内部管理混乱,天价开支、挪用善款等损伤公信力的事件屡见报端,所以这些导致了公益服务领域配置的低效率,阻碍了社会进步。本文通过下面几个方面的讨论与分析,试图理清各方关系,构建主体健全、公平竞争的公益服务市场,借助公益救助,通过市场化运作方式,依靠价格调节供求关系,满足公益服务需求,实现市场出清。公益服务需求方面,公益服务的需求方为身体、智力残疾等特殊人群,满足他们对医疗卫生、康复培训、特殊教育、专业咨询和其他相关服务的核心需求是市场存在的基石,在社会救助资源非常有限的情况下,直接针对基本需求来解决问题的服务便是有需求的服务,是能满足受助者核心需求的服务,当然也应成为受到资助和关注的服务。另外,考虑到受助者的承受能力总体有限及完全区分受助者承受能力高低的难度,通常受助对象的支付比例是最少的,甚至为零。社会的慈善救助及政府服务购买成为主流的付费方式。市场结构方面,由于垄断在公益服务领域并没有生存的土壤,竞争性的市场机构是合理的市场结构形态。根据进退无障碍理论,降低公益服务机构进入壁垒,潜在的进入压力会促使公益服务机构公平竞争,配置低效问题也能够在很大程度上得以消除,价格在资源配置中起基础性作用,供需关系的调节使得市场出清。定价方面,霍特林认为,对所有东西都按照边际成本定价会使得社会福利最大化。公益服务机构由于存在固定成本、管理费用等共同成本,按照边际成本定价容易出现亏损,因此公益服务机构的价格决策应当考虑共同成本因素。本文提出了两种值得借鉴的两种定价方法,分别是阿姆塞定价和两部定价。市场模式方面,通过对直接匹配模式、无基金会模式、慈善资金直接对接模式与慈善资金间接对接模式等四种公益救助模式的对比分析,得出慈善资金间接对接模式是一种更有利于公平竞争,更符合公益事业市场化发展的模式,同时也明确了基金会在公益服务市场中的职能定位和资助方式,分别是基金会应成为公益领域中的资源支持性机组织,专业服务机构作为公益领域中的服务性组织也应明确自身的角色、地位和作用,积极提供专业的服务；对于同等数额的基金会补助来说,消费比例补助比收入补助将产生更大的替代效应,达到更高的服务消费水平。最后,分析目前构建中国公益服务市场存在的制度障碍、市场障碍等方面的问题,制度障碍主要有制度建设滞后,监管不足；非营利组织准入门槛太高；政府购买专业服务进入门槛高；税收优惠政策不够完善；公募活动受限。市场障碍主要有定价披露不完全,定价机制混乱；公益服务配置低效。本文提出以下几个方面的建议来构建未来中国的公益服务市场,分别是完善慈善相关法律法规；转变政府职能,鼓励非营利组织发展；建立规范的信息披露制度和惩罚机制；打破垄断局面,建立公平竞争的发展环境；资助领域的选择应基于对受助对象核心需求的调研；成本补偿不等于向受助者收费,付费模式需多元化；非营利组织应当明确自身的优势,合理定位。
[Abstract]:With the development of economy and social progress , China ' s public welfare has been developing rapidly . But behind the rapid development , the development of public welfare service is not satisfactory . On the one hand , the public welfare service institutions are not only few but also mostly in the " illegal " state , have professional staff , can provide high - quality professional services , the institutions are scarce , these public welfare service institutions raise funds to be limited , survival is difficult , the founder is at a loss ;
On the other hand , consumers need to spend a long time buying professional services , ordinary families cannot afford to buy professional services , the quality of service is uneven , the gap is wide , which makes many stakeholders wonder . So far , China ' s public welfare service market is an extremely imperfect market . The basic services required by the recipients cannot be satisfied through the current market trading behavior ;
Lack of supply main body , difficulty in the survival of the person in the position ;
The market intermediary organization has not played a good role , and worse , the internal management of the foundation , the overhead expenses , the misappropriation of good money and other damage to the credibility of the events are often reported to the end , so these have led to the low efficiency of the public service area allocation and hindered social progress .

Based on the discussion and analysis of the following aspects , this paper tries to clarify the relationship between the parties , construct a healthy and fair competitive public goods service market , and use the aid of public welfare to adjust the supply and demand relationship by means of price adjustment through the market operation mode , meet the demand of public goods service and realize the market clear .

The demand side of the public welfare service is that the demand side of the public welfare service is a special group of physical , intellectual disabilities and the like , and the core requirement of the public welfare service is the foundation stone of the market . In the situation that the social assistance resources are very limited , the service for solving the problem directly for the basic needs is a service that needs to be funded and concerned . In addition , the payment proportion of the aided object is the least , and even zero , in consideration of the overall limited capacity of the recipient and the full differentiation of the affordability of the recipient .

In the aspect of market structure , the competitive market mechanism is a reasonable market structure because the monopoly in the field of public goods service does not exist . According to the theory of non - obstacle to advance and retreat , the entry pressure of public goods service institutions is reduced , and the potential entry pressure can lead to the fair competition of public welfare service institutions , and the allocation of low - efficiency problems can be eliminated to a great extent , and the price plays a fundamental role in resource allocation , and the adjustment of the supply - demand relationship makes the market clear .

In terms of pricing , Mr . Hobart believes that the pricing of all things according to marginal cost can maximize social welfare . Public welfare service institutions can easily make losses according to marginal cost pricing because of the common costs such as fixed cost and management cost . Therefore , the price decision of public service institutions should take into consideration common cost factors . Two kinds of pricing methods worth using for reference are put forward , which are the pricing and pricing of two parts separately .

In the aspect of market mode , through the comparative analysis of four kinds of public welfare assistance models , such as direct matching mode , non - foundation mode , direct interface mode of charity funds and indirect docking mode of charity funds , it is concluded that indirect interface mode of charitable fund is a mode which is more conducive to fair competition and is more consistent with the market - oriented development of public welfare undertakings .
For the same amount of foundation aid , the consumption - scale subsidy will generate a larger substitution effect than the income supplement to achieve a higher level of service consumption .

At last , the paper analyzes the problems of the existing institutional obstacles and market obstacles in the construction of China ' s public goods service market , and the institutional obstacles mainly include the lag of system construction and insufficient supervision ;
The threshold for admission of non - profit organizations is too high ;
The government buys professional services to enter the threshold high ;
The preferential tax policy is not perfect ;
Public - equity is limited . Market barriers are mainly characterized by incomplete pricing disclosure and confusion of pricing mechanisms ;
Public service configuration is inefficient .

This paper puts forward the following suggestions to build the public goods service market in China in the future , which is to perfect the relevant laws and regulations of charity respectively ;
To change the government function and encourage the development of non - profit organizations ;
Establish a standardized information disclosure system and penalty mechanism ;
To break the monopoly situation and establish the development environment of fair competition ;
The choice of the financing field should be based on the research on the core demand of the aided object ;
the cost compensation is not equal to the charging of the beneficiary , and the payment mode needs to be diversified ;
Non - profit organizations should make clear their own advantages and rationally locate them .

【学位授予单位】：东北财经大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D632;F719

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