我国商业欺诈的根源及对策分析

发布时间：2019-05-29 05:10

【摘要】：目前,经济领域中各种商业欺诈行为愈演愈烈,这不仅会损害市场中利益相关者权益,还会破坏市场经济公平竞争的环境,使得诚信的商家失去对市场的信心,进而给市场经济的稳定和长期发展带来阻碍,这已经成为了全世界普遍存在的世界性问题。商业欺诈是我国法律规定中众多“欺诈”行为的一种,其仅限于商业领域,目的是牟取非法经济利益。商业欺诈行为的界定需要满足两个条件：首先,欺诈行为发生在市场经营交易活动中；其次,行为方的欺诈行为具有主观上的故意性,即通过虚构事实、故意发布虚假信息或故意隐瞒真实情况等有意行为,来误导或欺骗对方,致对方使用陷入错误的意思表示,以期获得额外经济利益。我国现阶段对商业欺诈的研究从法律视角及伦理学视角进行理论分析的文章较多,但对于如何利用规范利用经济学分析方法对商业欺诈行为盛行的原因以及如何对进行市场规制的文章较少。正是在这样的背景下,本文通过将商业欺诈与法律中相近概念进行对比,进一步对商业欺诈的内涵进行界定,并运用演化博弈论、制度经济学和信息经济学的诸多理论,对商业欺诈行为特别是电子商务领域的欺诈行为产生的根源进行了深入分析。本文发现信息不对称为商业欺诈提供了便利条件,道德滑坡让更多商家选择欺诈,但这些绝不是商业欺诈的根源。探索商业欺诈行为泛滥的根源,需要从消费者、企业和政府三方面进行综合考量。首先,消费者由于攀比、从众、容忍等不健康的消费心理,使得市场对假冒伪劣商品有一定的需求,这种需求自然会带来市场的供给；其次,商家相对于消费者,在市场经济中处于优势地位,其掌握更多关于产品的真实信息,这种信息不对称使得商家可以借此获得超额的经济利润；最后,政府作为市场经济的监管者,是打击商业欺诈活动最重要的组织,政府对于欺诈者的态度直接影响到欺诈者的行为选择,但我国目前相关立法并不完善,使得欺诈者有机可趁,当有道德缺失的经济主体发现利用信息蒙蔽进行商业欺诈有利可图,并得不到现有制度的有效惩罚,就会铤而走险,并因示范效应而引发更多的类似行为。有效打击商业欺诈活动,需要企业、政府以及消费者的共同努力,本文的最后也从这三个方面分别探讨了对商业欺诈行为进行综合治理的对策建议。解决非对称条件下的商业欺诈行为,一方面要大力提倡企业的诚信意识,加强道德建设,呼吁企业要把“诚信、责任”真正放在第一位,而不只是作为欺骗消费者的面具,同时,要加大自己的信息披露,尽量消除信息不对称带来的负面影响,提高消费者的信息甄别能力；另一方面,更重要的是要加强立法,完善相关制度,从制度和法律上对非对称信息条件下企业的商业欺诈行为进行有效约束,如果政府释放出“一旦发现欺诈,一定严厉处罚”的“零容忍”信号,那么商家选择欺诈的成本会大大增加,那么选择欺诈的商家数量必然会减少,市场中的欺诈行为也能得到遏制；最后,通过讲座、公益广告等方式,塑造消费者健康的消费心理,还要提高消费者对欺诈行为的认识,提高消费者维权意识,降低维权成本。
[Abstract]:At present, various commercial frauds in the economic field are becoming more and more intense, which not only can damage the rights and interests of the stakeholders in the market, but also destroy the environment of the fair competition of the market economy, so that the good faith merchants lose the confidence in the market, Furthermore, the stability and long-term development of the market economy have been hindered, which has become a universal problem in the world. Commercial fraud is one of the "many frauds" in the law of our country, which is limited to the commercial field and the purpose is to make illegal economic benefits. The definition of commercial fraud needs to satisfy two conditions: first, the fraudulent conduct occurs in the market operation transaction activity; secondly, the fraud behavior of the actor has the subjective intention, that is, through the fictitious fact, the intentional release of the false information or the intentional concealment of the real situation and other intentional acts, To mislead or deceive the other, to cause the other party to use the wrong meaning, with a view to obtaining the extra economic benefit. At the present stage of our country, the research of the commercial fraud is more than the theoretical analysis from the legal angle of view and the angle of ethics, but how to use the standard to make use of the economic analysis method to the reason why the commercial fraud is popular and how to regulate the market is less. In this context, by comparing commercial fraud with similar concepts in law, this paper further defines the connotation of commercial fraud, and uses the theory of evolution game theory, institutional economics and information economics. An in-depth analysis of the root causes of fraud in the area of commercial fraud, in particular in the area of e-commerce. This paper finds that information is not a convenient condition for business fraud, and that moral landslides have allowed more businesses to choose fraud, but these are in no way the root of commercial fraud. To explore the root causes of the proliferation of commercial fraud, a comprehensive consideration should be given to the three aspects of consumer, enterprise and government. First, the consumer has a certain demand for fake and shoddy goods due to the unhealthy consumption psychology, such as the climbing ratio, the crowd, and the tolerance, which naturally brings the supply of the market; and secondly, the merchant is in an advantageous position in the market economy with respect to the consumer, in that end, the government, as a regulator of the market economy, is the most important organization to combat commercial fraud, The government's attitude to the fraudster directly affects the behavior choice of the fraudster, but the relevant legislation in our country is not perfect, so that the fraudster can take advantage of it, and when there is a moral-missing economic subject, it is found that the commercial fraud is profitable by the use of the information, Without the effective punishment of the existing system, there will be a risk of risk, and more similar acts can be caused by the demonstration effect. In order to deal with the commercial fraud effectively, we need the joint efforts of the enterprises, the government and the consumers. Finally, the article also discusses the countermeasures to the comprehensive treatment of the commercial fraud. To solve the commercial fraud behavior under the asymmetric condition, on the one hand, we should vigorously promote the integrity consciousness of the enterprise and strengthen the moral construction, and call on the enterprise to put the "Integrity and responsibility" into the first place, not just as a mask to cheat the consumer, and at the same time, to increase its own information disclosure, As far as possible, the negative effect of information asymmetry can be eliminated, and the information screening ability of the consumer is improved; on the other hand, it is more important to strengthen the legislation, improve the relevant system, and effectively restrain the commercial fraud of the enterprise under the condition of the asymmetric information from the system and the law, If the government releases the "In case of fraud, it must be severely punished." 's "zero tolerance" signal, then the cost of the merchant to choose the fraud will be greatly increased, the number of the merchants to choose the fraud will be reduced, and the fraud behavior in the market can be contained; and finally, through the way of lecture, public service advertisement, etc., In order to shape the consumer's healthy consumer psychology, we should also improve the consumer's awareness of the fraud, improve the awareness of the consumer's rights and reduce the cost of protecting the rights.
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：F203

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