欧洲启蒙思想研究

发布时间：2018-01-11 18:11

本文关键词：欧洲启蒙思想研究　出处：《四川外国语大学》2013年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：17～19世纪初的启蒙运动是欧洲近代史上最重要的历史事件之一，是整个欧洲文明的重要转折点，对世界历史的发展产生了深远的影响。启蒙运动前后所产生的启蒙思想的精神实质是理性和自由，启蒙思想是对文艺复兴的继承和发扬，也对自然科学突破封建宗教神学束缚，逐步朝向世俗化、实用化的发展和进步起到了举足轻重的作用。本文除导论和结语外，共分四章。第一章阐述了启蒙及其相关概念。启蒙可从柏拉图那里溯源，一个“洞穴”比喻引起后人的无数遐想。启蒙是启智慧之蒙，启认识之蒙；“启蒙就是人从他咎由自取的受监护状态走出。受监护状态就是没有他人的指导就不能使用自己的理智的状态。……敢于认识自己！”1启蒙思想反对宗教蒙昧主义，反对封建专制制度，宣扬民主和法制；启蒙运动开创了一个新的时代的到来，一个资本主义迅速发展的时代。第二章对康德的启蒙思想进行了分析。人们要想脱离不成熟状态，走向成熟，必须要拿出实际行动，不仅要有自由，还要有自觉；启蒙除了需要自由之外并不需要其他什么，在一切事情上公开运用自己的理性；启蒙是一种天赋人权，也是一种存在；启蒙思想和启蒙运动的精髓在于反思与批判，在于重构基础。第三章论述了福柯的启蒙思想。这是对以前启蒙思想的反思与继续。任何时代思想理论总有其理想的一面，而现实生活与理想之间总有距离。福柯认为，启蒙是一种态度、一种气质、一种哲学生活。我们知道批判有建设性的，也有破坏性的。不存在没有批判的启蒙，也不存在没有启蒙的批判。在福柯看来，现代性仅仅是一种态度或者说是一种气质，他认为批判应当适度，应当处在合理的边界位置，不要出现内部和外部相互交错的情况。启蒙仍未使我们人类成熟，启蒙不可能一蹴而就。第四章就福柯与康德启蒙思想的差异进行了分析。康德启蒙思想产生于18世纪的启蒙运动时期，而福柯启蒙思想产生于20世纪的科技革命时代。正因为如此，导致两人在对待启蒙的态度、启蒙的性质、启蒙与人类的关系、启蒙的作用等认识上存在明显的差异；两人的启蒙思想对后世影响也不完全相同。在福柯看来，他继承和发扬了康德的启蒙思想，他们在某些问题的看法上还是有共同点的。在当下中国，，启蒙仍是一项未竟的事业，需要我们一起努力，共同促进。让我们用启蒙精神指引人们前进的方向。
[Abstract]:The Enlightenment at the beginning of the 17th and 19th centuries was one of the most important historical events in the modern history of Europe and an important turning point for the European civilization as a whole. It has a profound influence on the development of world history. The spiritual essence of the enlightenment thought before and after the Enlightenment is rationality and freedom, and the enlightenment thought is the inheritance and development of the Renaissance. It also played an important role in breaking through the shackles of feudal religious theology and gradually moving towards secularization and practical development and progress. In addition to the introduction and conclusion, this article is divided into four chapters. The first chapter expounds the enlightenment and its related concepts. The enlightenment can be traced back to Plato. A metaphor of "cave" causes countless reverie of later generations. "Enlightenment is a person who comes out of his own state of being under guardianship. The state of guardianship means that one cannot use one's rational state of mind without the guidance of others... Dare to know oneself! "1 the Enlightenment thought opposed religious obscurantism, opposed the feudal autocratic system, preached democracy and the legal system; the Enlightenment started a new era, an era of rapid development of capitalism. The second chapter analyzes Kant's enlightenment thought. If people want to break away from immature state and move towards maturity, they must take practical actions, not only freedom, but also consciousness; Enlightenment needs nothing but freedom, and openly uses its own reason in everything; Enlightenment is a kind of natural human rights, but also a kind of existence; The essence of Enlightenment thought and Enlightenment Movement lies in reflection and criticism, in reconstructing the foundation. The third chapter discusses Foucault's enlightenment thought. This is the reflection and continuation of the previous enlightenment thought. The thought theory of any era always has its ideal side, but there is always a distance between the real life and the ideal, Foucault thinks. Enlightenment is an attitude, a temperament, a philosophical life. We know that criticism is constructive and destructive. There is no enlightenment without criticism, and there is no critique without enlightenment. In Foucault's view. Modernity is only an attitude or a temperament, he believes that criticism should be moderate, should be in a reasonable border position, do not appear internal and external intertwined situation, enlightenment has not yet made us mature. Enlightenment cannot be accomplished overnight. Chapter 4th analyzes the difference between Foucault and Kant's enlightenment thought, which originated in the Enlightenment period in 18th century. Foucault's thought of enlightenment came into being in the era of scientific and technological revolution in 20th century. Because of this, the two people are treating enlightenment, the nature of enlightenment, the relationship between enlightenment and human beings. There are obvious differences in the functions of enlightenment. In Foucault's view, he inherited and carried forward Kant's enlightenment thought, they still have some common views on some issues. Enlightenment is still an unfinished undertaking, which requires us to work together to promote it. Let us use the spirit of enlightenment to guide people in their way forward.
【学位授予单位】：四川外国语大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：B516.31;B565.59

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