当代蒙古国民主选举制度形成与变革研究

发布时间：2018-04-03 12:33

  本文选题：选举制度　切入点：民主政治　出处：《吉林大学》2017年博士论文

【摘要】：1992年通过蒙古国新宪法指出:“构建人道、公民的民主社会是其崇高目标”,1而实现民主政治的基本形式是选举。自1990年蒙古国首次举行民主选举开创选举新时代,至今已经有26年时间,在此期间,举行了7次国家大呼拉尔(以下简称议会)选举、7次地方选举、6次总统选举、10次国家大呼拉尔补选。虽然在民主实践中蒙古国的民主制度得到了长足发展,但也不能否认蒙古国民主选举中存在的问题,本文对蒙古国历届大、小呼拉尔选举和总统选举的过程进行了多视角探究,重点分析国家大呼拉尔选举过程中出现的变化以及得失,并进行了反思与总结。根据蒙古国选举制度的形成与发展,可以划分为1921-1940年、1940-1960年、1960年以后等几个阶段,2本文以时间座标为纵向脉络,将蒙古国选举制度的历史沿革划分为形成期与过渡期两个历史阶段。1921年至1924年间进行了人民自己选择国家机关和政府高层的最初尝试,是奠定选举制度雏形的阶段。1924-1949年间,蒙古不是全民参选,而是按阶级选举。可以把这一时期分成两个分阶段:第一阶段为1924-1944年间,把部分公民的选举权按阶级成分区分的选举。第二阶段1944-1947年间,为全民选举权在形式上得到保障的时期。蒙古选举制度的过渡期,可以分成1949-1990年以及1990-1992年两个历史阶段,其中,1949-1990年更新期的选举制度,就其形式而言,转入到全民、公平、直接、无记名投票渠道,但其选举内容、性质、目标却与自由选举不同,变成了上级任命。蒙古国分别于1992、1996、2000、2004、2008、2012、2016年举行了七次议会选举,因其时代特点、经济情况、党派政策抉择、社会氛围、选举制度、选举法修改等影响因素不同而各具特色。同时,也因这些因素不同使得历届议会选举呈现出各自的优点和不足。该本文除对七次议会选举的特征、差异、变化进行重点解析之外,试图深刻剖析其优点、不足以及导致的原因。蒙古国分别于1993、1997、2001、2005、2009、2013年举行了六次总统选举,其中,蒙古人民革命党候选人获胜的总统选举为三次,民主党候选人获胜的选举为三次。另外,每一届总统选举因当时时代、经济、政治情况以及选民心理、党派竞选纲领不同而呈现出各自的特点。该本文除对六次总统选举的特征、差异、变化进行重点解析之外,试图深刻剖析其优点、不足以及导致的原因。蒙古国组织民主选举已经有26年时间,虽然一直奉行公正、自由、平等、秘密的民主基本原则,但发端于西方的选举文明移植在东方游牧文明的土壤中,难免遭遇水土不服,期间经历不断试错,修正,相关制度在本土化的过程中仍需要进一步反思与完善,这也正是本文着力研究的内容,以及致力于实现的学术目的。
[Abstract]:In 1992, through the new constitution of Mongolia, it was pointed out that "building a humane and democratic society of citizens is its lofty goal" and the basic form of realizing democratic politics is election.It has been 26 years since the first democratic elections were held in Mongolia in 1990, during which time,Held 7 national Great Hural (hereinafter referred to as Parliament) elections 7 local elections 6 presidential elections and 10 national Great Hural by-elections.Although the democratic system of Mongolia has made great progress in the practice of democracy, it can not be denied the problems existing in the democratic election of Mongolia. This paper probes into the process of the election of the Great and Little Hural and the President of Mongolia from various perspectives.This paper mainly analyzes the changes, gains and losses in the electoral process of the Great Hural, and makes a reflection and summary.According to the formation and development of the electoral system in Mongolia, it can be divided into several stages, such as from 1921 to 1940 to 1940-1960 and after 1960.The historical evolution of the electoral system in Mongolia is divided into two historical stages: the forming period and the transitional period. From 1921 to 1924, the initial attempt by the people to choose the state organs and the high levels of the government was the initial attempt to establish the rudimentary stage of the electoral system between 1924 and 1949.Mongolia is not a popular candidate, but by class.This period can be divided into two stages: the first stage is 1924-1944, the voting rights of some citizens according to class composition of the election.The second stage, 1944-1947, when the right to vote for all was formally guaranteed.The transitional period of the electoral system of Mongolia can be divided into two historical stages, 1949-1990 and 1990-1992. Among them, the electoral system of 1949-1990, more recently, was transferred to the popular, fair, direct and secret ballot channels in its form, but its election content,By nature, the goal, unlike free elections, has become a superior appointment.Mongolia held seven parliamentary elections in 1992 / 1996 / 2004 / 2008 / 2012 and 2016, respectively, with different characteristics due to the characteristics of the times, economic situation, party policy choices, social atmosphere, electoral system, electoral law revision and other factors.At the same time, because of these factors, successive parliamentary elections have their own advantages and disadvantages.In addition to the analysis of the characteristics, differences and changes of the seven parliamentary elections, this paper tries to deeply analyze its advantages, disadvantages and causes.Mongolia held six presidential elections in 1993 / 1997 / 2001 / 2005 / 2009, and in 2013, three presidential elections were held in which the candidates of the Mongolian people's Revolutionary Party won three presidential elections and the Democratic Party candidates won three times.In addition, each presidential election has its own characteristics because of the times, economic, political situation, voter psychology, party election platform.In addition to analyzing the characteristics, differences and changes of the six presidential elections, this paper tries to deeply analyze its advantages, disadvantages and causes.Mongolia has been organizing democratic elections for 26 years. Although it has been upholding the basic principles of justice, freedom, equality, and secret democracy, the electoral civilization that originated in the West has been transplanted into the soil of the nomadic civilization of the East.During the period of trial and error, revision, the relevant system in the process of localization still need to be further reflection and improvement, which is the content of this study, as well as committed to achieve the academic purpose.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D731.1
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本文编号：1705212