达尔多元民主理论述评

发布时间：2018-07-28 10:43

【摘要】： 达尔的民主理论在西方民主理论史上占有重要地位。但是,由于种种原因,国内学者对其理论理解并不系统和充分,他们没有给它一个合理的定位。这篇文章从达尔多元民主的产生、发展和变化入手,对达尔的理论进行分析,试图从中找出它的内在含义及其演变过程。从而也折射出西方民主理论的转变。达尔对民主理论的研究主要集中在20世纪30年代至80年代,这段时期是西方社会重大变革时期。政治理论家对法西斯、第二次世界大战、冷战和美国政府信任危机进行了反思,这种反思是在现有的政治体制下进行的,并试图找到解决的办法。以熊彼特为代表的精英民主理论家认为,古典民主理论中的“公共福利”、“人民的意志”等概念,现实中是不存在的。在现代社会中,一般选民是消极被动的。民主只是一种通过投票来选择领导人的方法。精英民主理论注意到了被动的选民,但他们却忽视了选民和领导人之间还存在着大量的组织这一事实。达尔通过对现行民主政治体制考察后,得出这样的结论：民主不仅局限在选民和领导人的相互选择之中,还通过组织之间相互作用表现出来。此外,多元主义政治理论家拉斯韦尔也认为,政府和政治组织在权力上本质是一样的。国家权力多元化的基本特征将成为重要因素。达尔开始证明多元民主理论。达尔首先批评两个典型的民主理论。他认为,“多数人的暴政”并不存在,此外,分权制度和对政党的限制不能防止暴政。民主试图实现人民主权和政治平等,这是不现实的,并具有潜在的危险。达尔认为,权力被有效地分散在无数的组织手中,使得多数人专制变得不可能。因此,这两种民主都不能被称为民主。达尔认为,民主不是多数人的统治,而是多重少数人的统治,多头政体的标志是：投票权,建议权,多数原则等。达尔认为,为了实现多头政体,社会和制度都是必要的。在社会因素方面,多元的社会组织,自由的市场,社会共识是其必要条件。民主需要多种相应的制度保障,它需要制度条件,可以保证“广泛参与”和“合法反对”。达尔讨论了有关民主制度框架的问题,然后把目光转向微观领域：组织。达尔认为,目前多元民主的缺陷主要是由组织特点的双重性引起的,组织之间的不平等,使得组织对政策影响也不平等。为了解决组织的平等问题,我们要解决经济企业的所有权问题。第一,改革公司的管理模式,实现企业的自主权。这主要是基于自治权利的优先性。民主保障了个人基本权利和自由。但是基本的权利(包括政治权力),在一定程度上,比民主制度更好,自治权利是最重要的基本权利。经济民主是大多数想要实现自由的人的最有效途径。如果工人完全参与政策的制定,企业员工充分参与的权利得到实现,自由将得到保障。因此,达尔认为,企业成员应享有企业的自治权,在公司和企业中实行民主,它可以消除不平等问题,实现政治平等和推进民主。达尔的民主理论对当代民主理论做出了重要贡献。他批评了传统的古典民主理论,打破了传统民主的完美形象,并指出了它们的不足(麦迪逊原则及其多数原则的缺陷),还揭示了民主的社会基础。以社会制约权力的观念被人们忽视,这给人们带来了巨大的提示。理论上,达尔连接了近代和现代民主。他通过不懈的研究准确地把握了民主理论的发展趋势。他通过借鉴新的研究成果发展和改进了他的多元民主理论。经济民主理论也是对传统民主理论的一大突破。达尔的民主理论也存在一些缺陷。在现有的资本主义私有财产和宪政体制下,很难实现达尔提出的经济民主思想。他的设想,解决不了组织之间的经济和政治不平等。在现有的制度框架下,他坚持在微观领域实行民主,但他没有给出具体的措施。本文分为四个部分的论述一、主要阐述达尔民主理论的思想背景。主要是时代背景和思想渊源。达尔的理论坚持行为主义的研究方法上,理论上受其他民主理论家的影响,如林德布洛姆等。二,多元民主与多头政体。达尔以理论为基础进行研究。他已经接受了精英民主理论有关选民的假设和研究方法,认为麦迪逊多数原则存在缺陷,真正的民主不是多数或少数的统治,而是多头政体。达尔关于以组织为中介的多元主义民主模式。达尔在扭转以前政治哲学家关于组织作用的观点的基础上,采取以组织为中介的分析框架,提出了社会制衡这一实质思想,凸显了其多元主义民主为实现自由平等的价值诉求。三、多元民主的困境及其解决办法。经济民主。达尔认为多元民主的问题,主要是由组织特点的双重性造成的,即组织之间存在不平等的问题。为了解决该组织的不平等,我们应改变企业的所有权,这种改变可以通过经济民主模式得以实现。最后,达尔的多元民主理论为当代西方民主理论做出了重大贡献：他批判了精英民主理论,在民主理论由现代向近代转变过程中起了承上启下的作用,顺应了时代发展。同时,他的理论也有缺陷,他的理论本身有自相矛盾的地方,许多地方都与现实相关,却无法在现实中实现。
[Abstract]:Dahl's democratic theory occupies an important position in the history of Western democratic theory. However, for various reasons, the domestic scholars are not systematic and sufficient in their theoretical understanding. They have not given it a reasonable position. This article from the emergence of democracy in the dahduo, the development and change of the hand, the analysis of Dahl's theory, try to find out from it. Its inner meaning and evolution process also reflect the change of Western democratic theory.
Dahl's research on democratic theory mainly concentrated in the period from 1930s to 80s. This period was a period of great transformation in western society. The political theorists reconsidered the fascist, the Second World War, the cold war and the trust crisis of the American government. This reflection was carried out under the existing political system and tried to find a solution. Law. The elite democratic theorists, represented by bear Pete, believe that the concept of "public welfare" and "the will of the people" in the classical democratic theory is not existent. In modern society, the general voters are passive and passive. Democracy is only a way to choose the leader through voting. The elite democracy theory has noticed the passivity. Voters, but they ignore the fact that there is a lot of organization between the voters and the leaders. By examining the current democratic political system, Dahl concluded that democracy is not only confined to the choice of the voters and leaders, but also through the interaction of organizations. In addition, pluralist politics. Lasswell, a governance theorist, also believes that the essence of government and political organizations is the same in power. The basic characteristics of the pluralism of state power will become an important factor.
Dahl began to prove the theory of pluralism. Dahl first criticized two typical democratic theories. He believed that "tyranny of the majority" did not exist. In addition, the separation of powers and restrictions on political parties could not prevent tyranny. Democracy tried to achieve people's sovereignty and political equality, which was not true and potential danger. Dahl thought power. Being effectively dispersed in the hands of numerous organizations makes it impossible for most people to autocracy. Therefore, neither of these two democracies can be called democracy. Dahl believes that democracy is not the rule of the majority, but the rule of multiple minorities, and the symbol of the multiregime is the right to vote, the right to proposal, the majority principle, and so on.
In the view of Dahl, in order to realize a multi headed regime, society and system are necessary. In terms of social factors, multiple social organizations, free markets, and social consensus are the necessary conditions. Democracy requires a variety of corresponding institutional safeguards. It requires institutional conditions to ensure "extensive participation" and "legal opposition".
Dahl discussed the issue of the framework of democratic institutions and then turned to the microsphere: organization. Dahl believed that the shortcomings of the current pluralism were mainly caused by the dual nature of the organizational characteristics, the inequality between organizations, and the unequal impact of the organization on policy. In order to understand the problem of the equality of the organization, we have to solve the economy. First, reform the management model of the company and realize the autonomy of the enterprise. This is mainly based on the priority of the right of autonomy. Democracy guarantees the basic rights and freedoms of the individual. But the basic rights (including political power), to a certain extent, are better than the democratic system, and the right of autonomy is the most important basic right. Economic democracy is the most effective way for most people who want to be free. If the workers are fully involved in the formulation of the policy, the rights of the employees to be fully involved are realized, and freedom will be guaranteed.
Therefore, Dahl believes that enterprise members should enjoy the autonomy of the enterprise and carry out democracy in companies and enterprises. It can eliminate inequality, achieve political equality and promote democracy.
Dahl's democratic theory made an important contribution to the contemporary theory of democracy. He criticized the traditional classical democratic theory, broke the perfect image of the traditional democracy, and pointed out their shortcomings (the shortcomings of the Madison principles and most principles), and revealed the social foundation of democracy. People have brought great hints. In theory, Dahl connected modern and modern democracy. He accurately grasped the development trend of democratic theory through unremitting research. He developed and improved his pluralistic democratic theory by drawing on the new research results. The theory of economic democracy is also a breakthrough in the traditional democratic theory. Dahl's people There are also some defects in the main theory. Under the existing capitalist private property and constitutional system, it is difficult to realize the economic and democratic ideas proposed by Dahl. His idea can not solve the economic and political inequality between organizations. Under the existing institutional framework, he insisted on democracy in the micro field, but he did not give specific measures.
This article is divided into four parts
First, it mainly expounds the ideological background of Dahl's democratic theory. It is mainly the background of the times and the origin of thought. Dahl's theory adheres to the methodology of behaviorism and is theoretically influenced by other democratic theorists, such as Lindblom and so on.
Two, pluralistic democracy and pluralism. Dahl is based on the theory of theory. He has accepted the hypothesis and research method of the electorate in the elite democratic theory. He believes that most of Madison's principles are defective, and that real democracy is not a majority or a minority of rule, but a multi regime. Dahl's pluralist democracy with organization as a mediator. Mode. On the basis of reversing the views of the former political philosophers on the role of the organization, Dahl adopted an analytical framework of organization as an intermediary, put forward the essence of social balance, and highlighted the value appeal of pluralist democracy for the realization of freedom and equality.
Three, the plight of pluralistic democracy and its solution. Economic democracy. Dahl believes that the problem of pluralism is mainly caused by the dual nature of organizational characteristics, that is, the problem of inequality between organizations. In order to solve the inequality of the organization, we should change the ownership of the enterprise. This kind of change can be achieved through the model of economic democracy.
Finally, Dahl's pluralistic democratic theory made a great contribution to the contemporary western democratic theory: he criticized the elite democracy theory, played an important role in the process of the transition from modern to modern, and adapted to the development of the times. At the same time, his theory was also defective, and his theory itself had contradictions in many places. Everything is related to reality, but it can't be realized in reality.
【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D082

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