低维纳米结构材料的微乳液法制备与性能研究

发布时间：2018-11-21 12:10

【摘要】： 近年来,低维纳米材料因其独特的光、电、磁、热和力学性能及其在构建纳米规模的电子器件、光电设备和传感器等方面的应用而引起人们的广泛关注。制备低维纳米材料的方法种类繁多,微乳液法作为制备低维纳米材料的一种有效的方法,因其比较容易控制纳米粒子的尺寸,形貌以及表面形态而备受欢迎。这种方法中,由于反应过程中反应物分布不均而容易导致所得的纳米粒子粒径分布变宽。为了弥补这一不足同时获得特殊形貌的纳米材料,将微乳液与均匀沉淀或水热相结合,即微乳均匀沉淀耦合法和水热微乳法。 本文采用微乳均匀沉淀耦合法和水热微乳法合成了Cu(OH)2、CuO、ZnO、DyF3、YF3等多种低维纳米材料,初步实现了对所得产物的尺寸和形貌的调控。本论文研究的主要内容如下： 以CTAB／正丁醇／环己烷／水为微乳体系,采用微乳均匀沉淀法制备了一维Cu(OH)2、CuO纳米线和内部具有孔洞结构的CuO纳米棒。用XRD、SEM、TEM、TGA、FTIR对产物进行了表征,研究了水核比、反应物浓度、反应时间、反应温度及陈化时间对产物尺寸和形貌的影响。系统地探讨了反应机理,并用热分析方法考察了不同形貌的CuO对高氯酸铵分解的催化作用。结果表明,所得的Cu(OH)2纳米线的直径为33-46 nm,长度为400-2000 nm,具有正交晶相结构。煅烧后所得的CuO的形貌没有发生明显的变化；CuO纳米棒的直径为40-110 nm,长度为800-3000 nm,具有单斜结构。加入CuO纳米线后AP的高温分解温度降低了111.4℃,加入CuO纳米棒后AP的高温分解温度降低了142.3℃。 以CTAB／正丁醇／正辛烷／水为微乳体系,采用微乳液法、微乳均匀沉法和水热微乳法制备了ZnO纳米粒子、纳米棒、纳米片和纳米球。用XRD、SEM对产品进行了表征,详细地探讨了这三种方法对ZnO纳米晶的形貌和分散性的影响。并考察了ZnO纳米球的荧光性能。 以CTAB／正戊醇／环己烷／水为微乳体系,采用水热微乳法制备了苦瓜状的DyF3纳米结构和可可状的YF3纳米结构。用XRD、SEM、TEM对产物进行了表征,研究了水核比、反应物浓度、反应时间、反应温度对产物尺寸和形貌的影响。系统地探讨了反应机理,并分析了Eu3+掺杂YF3的荧光性能。结果表明,所得的苦瓜状的DyF3纳米结构由纳米粒子组装而成,其平均长度为720 nm,具有正交晶相结构；所得的可可状的YF3纳米结构由纳米片生长而成,其平均长度为867nm,具有正交晶相结构。YF3:Eu3+的发射光谱表明,Eu3+处于非对称中心的格位上。
[Abstract]:In recent years, low-dimensional nanomaterials have attracted wide attention due to their unique optical, electrical, magnetic, thermal and mechanical properties and their applications in the construction of nano-scale electronic devices, optoelectronic devices and sensors. There are many kinds of methods to prepare low-dimensional nanomaterials. As an effective method to prepare low-dimensional nanomaterials, microemulsion method is very popular because of its easy to control the size, morphology and surface morphology of nano-particles. In this method, the particle size distribution of the nanoparticles is widened due to the uneven distribution of reactants in the reaction process. In order to make up for the shortage of nano-materials with special morphology, the microemulsion was combined with homogeneous precipitation or hydrothermal method, that is, the coupling method of homogeneous precipitation of microemulsion and hydrothermal microemulsion. In this paper, a variety of low-dimensional nanomaterials, such as Cu (OH) _ 2CuO _ 2O _ Dy _ F _ 3O _ 3Y _ F _ 3, were synthesized by the coupling method of homogeneous precipitation of microemulsion and hydrothermal microemulsion. The size and morphology of the obtained products were preliminarily controlled. The main contents of this thesis are as follows: using CTAB/ n-butanol / cyclohexane / water as microemulsion system, one-dimensional Cu (OH) _ 2 CuO nanowires and CuO nanorods with pore structure were prepared by microemulsion homogeneous precipitation method. The effects of water nucleation ratio, reactant concentration, reaction time, reaction temperature and aging time on the size and morphology of the product were studied by XRD,SEM,TEM,TGA,FTIR. The reaction mechanism was systematically discussed and the catalytic effect of CuO with different morphologies on the decomposition of ammonium perchlorate was investigated by thermal analysis. The results show that the diameter of Cu (OH) _ 2 nanowires is 33-46 nm, and the length is 400-2000 nm,. The morphology of calcined CuO has no obvious change, and the diameter of CuO nanorods is 40-110 nm, the length is 800-3000 nm, and the CuO nanorods have monoclinic structure. The high temperature decomposition temperature of AP decreased by 111.4 鈩，

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