基于执行意图的自动化认知重评对厌恶情感的调节：神经基础与个体差异研究

发布时间：2018-01-25 15:11

本文关键词： 自动化情绪调节执行意图认知重评 fMRI 习惯性认知重评　出处：《西南大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：情绪调节的能力对于个体适应生存环境至关重要。正常的情绪调节能力有助于人们的身心健康,而情绪调节功能障碍则可能导致多种心理疾病,例如社交障碍(social anxiety disorder)和孤独症(autism)。自从情绪调节加工过程模式提出的20年来,大多数的情绪调节研究都集中在有目的、有意识的情绪调节方式上,一般被称为有意情绪调节(voluntary emotion regulation)。个体在使用有意情绪调节方式对负性情绪进行调节时,需要付出主观努力并消耗个体的认知资源,而这一特点有可能会导致个体在认知资源不足或认知控制能力不足(如焦虑症个体)的情况下无法有效地调节情绪。所以研究如何消耗更少的、乃至不消耗认知资源的而又有效的情绪调节策略具有重要的现实和临床意义。来自行为和电生理方面的证据表明将情绪调节和自动化目标寻求(automatic goal pursuit)相结合,可以使得情绪调节的过程自动化进行,从而减少认知资源的损耗。但是,目前关于其神经基础和个体差异的研究鲜有报告。本研究进一步使用主观报告和功能性磁共振成像技术在行为和脑功能两个层面来探讨自动化情绪调节的行为-脑机制及其个体差异。本研究主要包括四大部分:第一部分为文献综述。这一部分首先回顾、归纳和整理了情绪调节研究的相关概念和理论模型;然后,从“代价-收益”的角度,重点分析了有意情绪调节策略的“认知代价”;最后,在整理、分析了自动化情绪调节的定义、理论基础和实证研究之后,提出了当前研究的局限性以及本研究的理论和实践意义。第二部分为论文的主体部分,包括两个实证研究。研究一使用了实验操纵的研究方法,将认知重评与自动化的目标寻求方式——执行意图相结合,探索其自动化情绪调节的行为和神经基础。本研究招募了31名来自西南大学的大学生有偿地参加实验,最后有效数据26人。实验材料使用来自国际情绪图片库和中国情绪图片库的血腥或中性图片,其中血腥图片用以诱发被试的厌恶情绪;使用组块设计(block-design)来呈现负性或中性图片。本实验共分为被动观看、目标意图和基于执行意图的认知重评三个条件,并记录了每个条件下负性和中性组块的行为学和功能像脑成像数据。实验的因变量使用每个条件下负性组块的指标减去中性组块的指标,得到该条件下负性情绪的反应指标;该指标数值越大,表明该条件下被试的负性情绪反应越强。行为学,即自我报告的结果表明执行意图条件下的主观负性情绪体验显著低于被动观看和目标意图条件,而且执行意图条件下被试没有报告更多的认知努力,反而相比被动观看条件报告了更低了情绪调节困难程度。功能性磁共振脑成像的结果表明相比被动观看,基于认知重评的执行意图有效降低了双侧杏仁核和左侧脑岛的激活强度;而被动观看和目标意图条件下情绪产生相关脑区的激活并没有显著差异。重要的是,执行意图在降低情绪产生脑区激活的同时,相比被动观看条件却没有增强认知控制脑区的激活。综上所述,行为和脑成像两个层面的结果共同表明:基于执行意图的认知重评可以有效地降低负性情绪的行为和神经反应,而且不会增加个体的认知资源损耗。然而,自动化情绪调节并不是对于所有个体都一样有效的。Williams等人在2009年使用句子整理任务来启动被试的自动化认知重评目标,结果发现认知重评目标启动的自动化情绪调节效果在不经常使用认知重评的被试中表现更明显。这些发现表明习惯性的认知重评特质和自动化情绪调节效果之间可能存在交互作用。所以基于研究一的结论,研究二采用了个体差异的研究方法,进一步考察基于执行意图的自动化认知重评的情绪调节效果是否在习惯性情绪调节特质上存在个体差异。本研究使用情绪调节问卷(Emotion Regulation Questionnaire,ERQ)测量被试的习惯性认知重评得分。本研究进行了一系列的回归分析,其中自变量为实验条件、认知重评得分以及两者的交互作用,因变量为双侧杏仁核和左侧脑岛(基于研究一结果选取)BOLD反应在条件间的差值。本研究结果发现低认知重评得分组相比高认知重评得分组,其执行意图条件下的负性情绪反应显著弱于被动观看和目标意图条件。结果发现,对于低认知重评得分的个体,执行意图情绪调节的效果更为显著。这些发现表明,不经常使用认知重评的个体,从基于执行意图的自动化认知重评中获益更大。第三部分为研究讨论和结论。这一部分结合前人研究,对基于执行意图的自动化认知重评的神经基础与个体差异研究进行了详细深入地分析:简而言之,研究一的发现表明基于执行意图的认知重评对于厌恶情绪的自动化调节的神经基础不同于有意情绪调节,主要表现为其可以在不增强认知控制区域激活的情况下就可以降低杏仁核、脑岛等情绪产生区域的激活;研究二的发现表明基于执行意图的自动化认知重评在低习惯性认知重评得分的个体上表现出更明显的情绪调节效果。最后,对本研究的局限进行了反思和分析,并在此基础上对未来自动化情绪调节的研究进行了展望。
[Abstract]:The ability of emotion regulation for individuals to adapt to the living environment is very important. The normal emotion regulation ability contributes to people's physical and mental health, and emotion regulation dysfunction may lead to many psychological disorders, such as social disorder (social anxiety disorder) and autism (autism). Since the proposed process of emotion regulation mode for 20 years, most of the mood regulation research has focused on the purpose, conscious emotion regulation, generally known as intentional emotion regulation (voluntary emotion regulation). The individual in the intentional emotion regulation style and negative emotion regulation, cognitive resources to pay individual consumption and subjective efforts, and this characteristic may lead to lack of individual cognitive control ability in cognitive resources (such as anxiety or individual) case cannot effectively regulate emotions. So study how to consume Less, and no consumption of cognitive resources and effective emotion regulation strategy and has important clinical significance in reality. From the aspects of behavioral and electrophysiological evidence that the emotion regulation and automatic target seeking (automatic goal pursuit) combination, can make the emotional adjustment of the process automation, so as to reduce the loss of cognitive resources. But at present, few studies report on the neural basis and individual differences. This study further use of subjective reports and functional magnetic resonance imaging technology in two aspects of brain function and behavior of automatic emotion regulation behavior of brain mechanisms and individual differences. This study mainly includes four parts: the first part is the literature review. This part first reviews and sums up the related concepts of emotion regulation research and theoretical model; then, from the "cost benefit" angle, weight Analysis of intentional emotion regulation strategy "cognitive costs"; finally, in order to analyze the definition, automatic emotion regulation, theoretical foundation and empirical research, put forward the limitations of the current research and the research significance in theory and practice. The second part is the main part of the thesis, including two empirical research. The use of a method of experimental manipulation, cognitive reappraisal and automatic target seeking -- implementation intentions combined, explore the automatic emotion regulation behavior and neural basis. This study recruited 31 college students from Southwestern University, paid to participate in the experiment, the last 26 valid data. The experimental materials used bloody or neutral pictures from the International Affective picture system and Chinese emotional images, the bloody pictures with the subjects to induce aversion; using block design (block-design) to present Negative or neutral pictures. This experiment is divided into passive viewing, intention and re evaluation of three conditions of implementation intentions based on the cognition, and records of each under the condition of negative and neutral block behavior and function like brain imaging data. The experimental conditions for each variable under negative block index minus neutral block index, response index of the condition of negative emotions; the index value is bigger, the stronger the negative emotional reaction of the subjects. Under the condition of behavior, namely self report showed that subjective negative emotional body implementation intentions under the condition of test was significantly lower than that of passive viewing and target the intention, and implementation intention conditions were not reported more cognitive effort, but compared to passive viewing conditions reported lower emotional adjustment difficulty. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showed that compared to passive viewing, medium To cognitive reappraisal implementation intentions can effectively reduce the activation intensity of bilateral amygdala and insula; and passive viewing conditions and target intention emotion related brain regions activated and there is no significant difference. It is important that implementation intentions in reducing emotional brain activation when compared to passive viewing conditions without enhanced activation cognitive control brain regions. In summary, the two aspects of behavior and brain imaging results show that: the implementation of the intent of the cognitive reappraisal of negative emotion and behavior can effectively reduce the neural response based on, and will not increase the loss of individual cognitive resources. However, not all automatic emotion regulation for individuals are as effective as.Williams in 2009, the use of the sentence sorting task to start the automatic cognitive subjects reappraisal, results showed that cognitive reappraisal of automatic emotion regulation goal priming The effect in do not often use cognitive reappraisal of subjects were more obvious. These findings suggest that the habit of cognitive reappraisal and characteristics of automatic emotion interaction may exist between the moderating effect. So based on the research conclusions, two research adopts the research methods of individual differences, to further study the cognitive reappraisal automation implementation intentions based on the emotion regulation effect whether there are individual differences in the regulation characteristics of habitual emotion. This study used Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Emotion Regulation, Questionnaire, ERQ) to test the habitual cognitive reappraisal score. This study conducted a series of regression analyses, in which the independent variables for the experimental conditions, cognitive reappraisal score and interaction both, the dependent variable is the bilateral amygdala and left insula (a selection of research results based on the difference in reaction conditions between BOLD). The results of this study are Low cognitive reappraisal group was higher compared to cognitive reappraisal group, negative emotional reaction under the conditions of its implementation intention was significantly weaker than passive viewing conditions and target intention. The results showed that the low scores of individual cognitive reappraisal, implementation intentions of emotion regulation effect is more significant. These findings suggest that the use of cognitive weight assessment of the individual often, from the cognitive reappraisal automation implementation intentions based on greater benefit. The third part is the research conclusion and discussion. This part is based on previous research, research on the neural basis of cognitive reappraisal and individual differences of automation implementation intentions based on a detailed in-depth analysis: in short, a study found that based on the cognitive reappraisal of implementation intentions for the neural basis of automatic aversion regulation is different from the intended emotion regulation, mainly for the enhancement of cognitive control in active region The case can reduce the amygdala, insula emotion regional activation; two study found that automation implementation intentions based on cognitive reappraisal in low habitual cognitive reappraisal of the individual scores showed more obvious effect on emotion regulation. Finally, the limitations of this study carried out reflection and analysis, and then on the basis of the outlook for future research of automatic emotion regulation.

【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B842.6

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