高低神经质个体认知加工偏向的实验研究

发布时间：2018-05-08 09:29

本文选题：认知加工偏向 + 神经质人格特质　；参考：《西南大学》2014年硕士论文

【摘要】：人格与情绪认知加工的研究是近年来心理学研究的热点之一。以往大量研究表明,高神经质个体更易产生各种负性情绪障碍,神经质这一主要的人格维度是个体调节心理健康和身体健康的重要方面。已往大多研究主要集中于对人格的结构及其与其它心理变量的相关研究上,较少涉及认知加工各个阶段的整合性和系统性的研究。基于此,本研究试图探讨在不同的认知加工阶段,神经质这一主要人格特质对情绪性信息认知加工偏向的影响,研究假设高神经质个体可能存在某种程度上的认知偏向,这种偏向不仅存在于信息的编码、存储阶段,在对信息提取阶段、认知解释或归因阶段也会有体现。本研究主要围绕注意加工、记忆加工解释加工三个阶段展开,且在三个不同阶段采用了不同的认知任务。实验一通过情绪stroop实验范式,选取具有不同情绪效价的词语材料作为实验材料,探讨高低神经质个体是否对不同效价情绪词存在注意偏向,以考察神经质对注意加工阶段影响的特点。实验结果发现,被试内词语类型主效应差异不显著(F(2,132)=0.24,p＞0.05)；被试问神经质水平主效应差异不显著(F(1,66)=1.01,p＞0.05)；词语类型与组别之间交互作用显著(F(2,132)=3.55,p＜0.05)。进一步分析结果表明,高、低神经质组被试均在负性词和正性词上的反应时差异显著(t(36)=15.88,p=0.03)、(t(32)=-24.22,p=0.00)。表明高神经质组被试对负性词语的反应时间显著的长于正性词,对负性词语的颜色命名加工任务占据了高神经质被试更多的认知注意资源,出现了对负性情绪词语的注意偏向；而低神经质组被试对正性词语的反应时间显著的长于负性词,对正性词语的颜色命名加工任务占据了低神经质被试更多的认知注意资源,出现了对正性情绪词语的注意偏向。实验二通过词性辨别和自由回忆任务来探讨高低神经质个体是否对不同效价情绪词存在记忆偏向,以考察神经质对记忆加工阶段影响的特点。实验结果发现,被试内因素词语类型主效应显著(F(2,120)=3.81,p＜0.05)；被试间因素神经质水平主效应不显著(F(1,60)=0.58,p＞0.05)；词语类型与神经质水平间交互作用不显著(F(2,120)=0.04,p＞0.05)。事后检验结果表明,自由回忆任务中被试在中性词语和负性词语的回忆量上存在显著差异(t(31)=0.84,P＜0.05),相比中性词而言,高、低神经质组被试均对负性词的回忆数量更多,两组被试都存在对负性情绪词语的记忆偏向。实验三通过模棱两可事件的解释任务来探讨高、低神经质个体是否对模棱两可事件存在消极的解释偏向,以考察神经质对认知解释加工阶段影响的特点。高、低神经质组被试在解释偏向测验中得分的差异显著(t=4.78,p＜.001),高神经质被试对模棱两可事件在比较消极和消极选项上的解释偏向测验总分显著高于低神经质被试。通过三个系列实验,本研究的结论为： (1)实验一：高神经质个体对负性情绪词语的反应时间显著长于正性词,对负性词语的颜色命名任务占用了高神经质个体更多的认知资源,存在对负性词语的注意偏向；低神经质个体对正性情绪词语的反应时间显著长于负性词,对正性词语的颜色命名任务占用了高神经质个体更多的认知资源,存在对正性词语的注意偏向。 (2)实验二：高、低神经质组被试在中性词和负性词之间的回忆量上均存在显著差异,表明高、低神经质组被试均对负性词的回忆量要多于中性词,高、低神经质组被试都存在对负性词语的记忆偏向。 (3)实验三：高神经质个体在解释偏向测验的得分上显著多于低神经质个体,说明高神经质个体存在对模棱两可事件的消极解释偏向。
[Abstract]:The research on cognitive processing of personality and emotion is one of the hotspots of psychological research in recent years. A lot of previous studies have shown that individuals with high neuroticism are more likely to produce a variety of negative emotional disorders. The main personality dimension of neuroticism is an important aspect of individual mental health and physical health. Most of the previous studies focus on the personality. Based on this, this study attempts to explore the effects of neuroticism on the cognitive processing bias of emotional information in different cognitive processing stages. There is a certain degree of cognitive bias, which not only exists in the coding of information, in the storage phase, in the stage of information extraction, and in the cognitive interpretation or attribution stage. This study focuses on three stages of attention processing, memory processing interpretation and processing, and different cognitive tasks are adopted at the three different stages.
In the experiment one, we selected the words and materials with different emotional titers as experimental materials through the emotional Stroop experimental paradigm, and explored whether the individuals of high and low neuroticism had a attention bias to different valence words to investigate the characteristics of the effects of neuroticism on the attention processing stage. (F (2132) =0.24, P > 0.05); there was no significant difference in the main effect of neuroticism (F (1,66) =1.01, P > 0.05); the interaction between the type of word and the group was significant (F (2132) =3.55, P < 0.05). Further analysis showed that there were significant differences between the high and low neuroticism groups in negative words and positive words (t (36) =15.88,) (t (32) =-24.22, p=0.00). It showed that the reaction time of the negative words was significantly longer than positive words in the high neuroticism group. The color naming task of negative words occupied more cognitive attention resources of the high neuroticism, and the attention bias towards negative emotional words; and the response of the low neuroticism group to the positive words. Time is longer than negative words. The color naming task of positive words occupies more cognitive attention resources of low neuroticism, and attention bias to positive emotion words.
Experiment two explored whether individuals with high and low neuroticism had memory bias against different titer words through speech discrimination and free recall tasks to investigate the characteristics of the effects of neuroticism on the memory processing stage. The experimental results showed that the main effects of the internal factors were significant (F (2120) =3.81, P < 0.05), and the factors of neuroticism between the subjects were neuroticism. The flat main effect was not significant (F (1,60) =0.58, P > 0.05), and the interaction between the word type and the neuroticism was not significant (F (2120) =0.04, P > 0.05). The results showed that there were significant differences in the memory of neutral words and negative words (t (31) =0.84, P < 0.05) in the free recall task (t (31) =0.84, P < 0.05), and compared with neutral words, high and low nerves. There were more recollections of negative words in the two groups of subjects.
Experiment three examined whether the high, low neurotic individuals had a negative interpretation bias against ambiguous events to examine the characteristics of the effects of neuroticism on the cognitive processing stage. High, low neuroticism was significantly different in the interpretation bias test (t=4.78, P <.001), and high neuroticism. The total score of explanatory bias for ambiguous events on negative and negative options was significantly higher than that of low neuroticism subjects.
Through three series of experiments, the conclusion of this study is as follows:
(1) experiment 1: the response time of high neurotic individuals to negative emotional words is longer than positive words. The color naming task of negative words occupies more cognitive resources of high neurotic individuals, and there is a bias toward negative words; the response time of low neuroticism to positive mood words is longer than negative words, and the positive words are positive to negative words. The task of color naming of sexual words takes up more cognitive resources of high neurotic individuals and attentional bias towards positive words.
(2) experiment two: there were significant differences in the memory between the neutral and the negative words in the high and low neuroticism groups, indicating that the high, low neuroticism subjects had more memories of negative words than those of the neutral words, and the subjects in the low neuroticism group had the memory bias toward negative words.
(3) experiment three: highly neurotic individuals were significantly more than low neurotic individuals in interpreting bias tests, suggesting that high neurotic individuals have negative explanations for ambiguous events.

【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：B842

【参考文献】