不同思维方式下创造力的影响因素探讨

发布时间：2018-05-08 20:19

本文选题：创造力 + 无意识思维　；参考：《山西师范大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：根据Evans提出的双系统加工模型,人类有两种不同的思维方式,即基于联结的,自下而上的无意识思维,以及基于规则和逻辑的,自上而下的有意识思维。创造力是产生被社会文化所接受的新颖且有实用价值的产品的能力,需要两种思维方式共同参与。Dijksterhuis的无意识思维效应理论认为,无意识思维会表现出更高的创造力。相对于专心致志思考该问题的个体,那些完成一个分心任务而没有机会专心思考的个体反而能够做出更优的决策。很多研究者采用与Dijksterhuis类似的实验设计对无意识思维进行研究,却发现他们无法重复出无意识思维效应,这说明存在其他因素影响实验结果。由于两种思维方式性质不同,相关因素(加工时间、任务难度等)对其影响也不尽相同。已有研究表明:在时间维度上,有意识思维与加工时间呈正相关,思考时间越长,被试的创造力越高。在任务难度维度上,有意识思维受到规则和容量的限制,不适宜处理高难度、非常规问题,在复杂创造力问题中无意识思维更有优势。在分心任务的认知负荷上,一些研究者认为低认知负荷的分心任务对创造力更有利,也有一些研究者认为任务类型不同,分心任务的最佳负荷不同。可以看出,前人研究中没有系统性地考察各影响因素与不同思维方式之间的交互作用,且研究结果存在矛盾,缺乏可比性。本研究分三个实验,探讨了不同思维方式下,加工时间、任务难度和分心任务的认知负荷对创造力的影响。实验一研究了不同思维方式下加工时间对创造力的影响。实验二研究了不同思维方式下任务难度对创造力的影响。实验三研究了无意识思维条件下,分心任务认知负荷的大小对创造力的影响。研究得到以下主要结论:(1)思维方式与加工时间存在交互作用。在有意识条件下,加工时间与创造力呈正相关,思考时间越长,被试在创造力测验中得分越高;在无意识条件下,加工时间与创造力呈倒U型曲线,中等长度的加工时间对创造力最为有利。只有在加工时间适中(3分钟)时,无意识思维胜过有意识思维,表现出了Dijksterhuis提到的无意识思维效应。(2)思维方式与任务难度存在交互作用。对于高难度的创造力问题,无意识思维条件下的得分高于有意识思维;对于低难度的创造力问题,两种思维方式差异不显著。表明无意识思维能够促进高难度创造力问题解决。(3)无意识思维条件下,分心任务的认知负荷会影响创造力。执行低认知负荷分心任务的被试表现出更高的创造力。
[Abstract]:According to the two-system processing model proposed by Evans, human beings have two different modes of thinking, that is, unconsciousness thinking based on connectedness, bottom-up thinking, and conscious thinking based on rules and logic, from top to bottom. Creativity is the ability to produce novel and practical products accepted by social culture, which requires two modes of thinking to participate in the theory of unconscious thinking effect of Dijksterhuis, which holds that unconscious thinking will exhibit higher creativity. Individuals who complete a distracting task without the opportunity to concentrate on the problem can make better decisions than individuals who are focused on the problem. Many researchers used similar experimental designs as Dijksterhuis to study unconscious thinking, but found that they could not repeat the effects of unconscious thinking, which indicates that there are other factors affecting the experimental results. Because of the different nature of the two modes of thinking, the influence of related factors (processing time, task difficulty, etc.) is also different. Previous studies have shown that conscious thinking is positively correlated with processing time in time dimension, and the longer the thinking time is, the higher the creativity of the subjects is. In the dimension of task difficulty, conscious thinking is restricted by rules and capacity, which is not suitable for dealing with high difficulty and unconventional problems. Unconscious thinking is more advantageous in complex creative problems. On the cognitive load of distraction task, some researchers think that the distraction task with low cognitive load is more beneficial to creativity, while others think that the best load of distraction task is different with different task types. It can be seen that previous studies have not systematically examined the interaction between various factors and different modes of thinking, and the results of the study are contradictory and lack of comparability. This study was divided into three experiments to explore the effects of processing time, task difficulty and cognitive load on creativity under different thinking modes. Experiment 1 studies the influence of processing time on creativity under different thinking modes. Experiment two studies the influence of task difficulty on creativity under different thinking modes. Experiment 3 studied the influence of distraction task cognitive load on creativity under the condition of unconscious thinking. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) there is interaction between thinking mode and processing time. Under conscious conditions, the processing time was positively correlated with creativity, and the longer the thinking time, the higher the score in the creativity test, while in the unconscious condition, the processing time and creativity showed an inverted U-shaped curve. Medium length of processing time is most beneficial to creativity. When the processing time is moderate to 3 minutes, the unconscious thinking is superior to the conscious thinking, which shows the interaction between the unconsciousness thinking effect and the task difficulty mentioned by Dijksterhuis. The score of unconscious thinking is higher than that of conscious thinking, but there is no significant difference between the two ways of thinking for low difficulty creative problems. It shows that unconscious thinking can promote the difficulty of creative problem-solving. 3) under the condition of unconscious thinking, the cognitive load of distraction task will affect creativity. Participants who performed distracting tasks with low cognitive load showed higher creativity.
【学位授予单位】：山西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B842

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