非注意项在短时视觉记忆中的自动加工

发布时间：2018-05-14 15:32

本文选题：短时视觉记忆 + 选择性注意　；参考：《西南大学》2014年硕士论文

【摘要】：视觉系统通过选择性注意捕获与当前任务最相关的视觉刺激,以使有限的认知资源得到最大限度的利用。选择性注意的过程是伴随着对干扰刺激的忽视的,但有证据支持未被注意的项目仍可得到一定程度的加工,主要表现在非注意项的存在对当前任务产生了显著影响,如加快或减慢了当前任务的执行速度,且这种影响通常是以无意识的方式实现的。此类研究大多限于在知觉层面上描述非注意项目所产生的影响作用,而未探讨其在短时视觉记忆中可能的存在方式。对此可提出如下问题：非注意信息是否能以某种具体形式存在,而非只以“无形”的形式在“背景”中对当前任务产生影响?这种具体形式可否被意识捕获,其精确度能在多大程度上被保持? 本文主要尝试对视觉通道内的上述问题进行解答。实验一中,自变量为作为注意项的线条与作为非注意项的线条间的角度差,因变量为被试最终知觉到的注意项线条与实际的注意项线条间的角度差。具体实验过程为,首先色块为注意项目,与色块同时但在不同位置处出现的黑色线条为非注意项目；色块消失后需被试迅速将注意转至作为非注意项的线条所出现过的位置,此时非注意项目已消失一定时间(1.4s),相应位置处替代出现的是迅速闪现的浅色线条。在一半的试次中会要求被试在随后的位置线索的提示下对这些迅速闪现的线条进行回忆。由于这些线条有时会极不明显,不能被知觉完全捕获,所以若非注意项以具体的形式进入短时视觉记忆系统,可预期被试对闪现的浅色线条的回忆将倾向于向非注意线条的朝向偏转。实验结果表明,相对于控制条件,被试最终回忆出的线条朝向存在向非注意线条偏转的倾向且达到统计上的显著(0.05水平)。这说明,非注意的线条朝向得到加工,并存在于短时记忆中。实验二进一步研究进入短时视觉记忆的非注意线条在记忆中的精确度,一组线条将分布于不同的空间位置并被同时呈现,后对作为注意项的线条和非注意项的线条在记忆保持时间1秒和4秒两种条件下的回忆准确性进行测量。结果表明,对注意项记忆的精度显著大于非注意项,注意项与非注意项的记忆成绩随间隔时间延长均显著下降,且注意项随时间而消退的速度显著小于非注意项(0.05水平)。对注意项的记忆成绩未因非注意项的存在而受到显著影响。实验中被试的记忆成绩存在较大个体差异,且对注意项的回忆成绩与对非注意项的回忆成绩有存在正相关的倾向(p=0.056),提示存在一个与注意无关的机制影响了记忆成绩。本研究的结论是：1非注意项会以具体的形式进入短时视觉记忆系统,并可在一定情况下被提取：2非注意信息可自动进入短时视觉记忆系统,但注意系统可决定短时视觉记忆系统中的哪些信息可得到进一步的保持与加工；3一个与注意无关的机制似乎是决定短时视觉记忆容量的因素之一。
[Abstract]:The visual system captures the most relevant visual stimuli to the current task by selective attention to maximize the use of limited cognitive resources. The process of selective attention is accompanied by the neglect of the interference stimulus, but there is evidence that the unnoticed items can still be processed to a certain extent, mainly in non attention items. The existence of the present task has a significant impact on the current task, such as speeding up or slowing down the speed of the current task, and this effect is usually realized in an unconscious way. Most of these studies are limited to the effect of describing the non attention items on the perceptual level, but not to discuss the possible way of existence in short-term visual memory. The following questions can be raised: does non - attention information exist in a specific form, not in the "intangible" form in the "background" of the current task? Can this specific form be captured by consciousness, and to what extent can the accuracy be maintained?
This article mainly tries to solve the above problems in the visual channel. In experiment one, the independent variable is the angle difference between the line as the attention term and the line as the non attention item, because the variable is the angle difference between the line of attention term and the actual line of attention. The specific experiment process is that the color block is the attention item first. The black lines that appear at the same time, but at different positions, are non - attentional items; after the disappearance of the color block, the subjects need to be quickly turned to the position of the line as a non - attention item. At this time, the non attention project has disappeared for a certain time (1.4s), and the corresponding position on behalf of the generation is a quick flashing light line. In the trial, the subjects are asked to recall the fast flashing lines under the hint of a subsequent position clue. Because these lines are sometimes extremely indistinct and can not be completely captured by perception, it will be predisposed to be predisposed to recollection of flashing light lines if non attention items are not entered into a short-term visual memory system in a specific form. The experimental results show that, relative to the control conditions, the subjects eventually recollect the trend towards the tendency to deflect the non attention line and reach a statistically significant (0.05 level). This indicates that the unnoticed lines are toward the processing and exist in the short-term memory. Experiment two further studies the entry. The accuracy of the non attentional lines of short visual memory in memory, a group of lines will be distributed in different space positions and presented at the same time, and then the line of attention and the lines of non attention items are measured in two conditions of memory retention time of 1 second and 4 seconds. The results show that the precision of attention memory is accurate. The memory scores of attention items and non attention items decreased significantly with the interval of time, and the rate of attention items subsided with time was significantly lower than that of non attention items (0.05 levels). The memory scores on the attention items were not significantly affected by the existence of non attention items. The memory scores of the subjects in the experiment were larger than those in the experiment. There is a positive correlation between the memory performance of the attention item and the memory performance of non attention items (p=0.056), suggesting that there is a mechanism that has nothing to do with attention, which affects the memory performance.
The conclusion of this study is that 1 non attention items will enter short visual memory system in specific form and can be extracted under certain circumstances: 2 non attention information can automatically enter short visual memory system, but attention system can determine which information in short-term visual memory system can be further maintained and processed; 3 one and a note. An irrelevant mechanism seems to be one of the factors that determine short-term visual memory capacity.

【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：B842.3

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