社会排斥个体对社会接纳信息的注意加工偏向

发布时间：2018-06-03 14:02

本文选题：抛球游戏 + 社会排斥　；参考：《西南大学》2014年硕士论文

【摘要】：渴望被某个社会团体所接纳,维持一种积极、稳定、长久的社会关系,是人类最普遍、最基本的需要之一。破坏个人的归属需要会对个体的认知、情绪、行为产生重大影响,还会严重危害个体的身体和心理健康,而且大量研究表明社会排斥引起的心理疼痛跟生理疼痛所激活的脑区是一致的。社会排斥是生活中非常常见的一种社会现场,每个人或多或少都有被他人或某一社会团体所排斥的经历,加上社会排斥对我们心理和行为的重大影响,这一领域值得我们投入更多的精力去探讨它背后的影响机制。鉴于社会归属的重要性,我们认为个体在被排斥后,会有两种认知表现：1.相对于社会接纳,社会排斥会增加对威胁信号如愤怒面孔的警觉。因为遭遇排斥后,为防止再次被他人排斥或拒绝,排斥个体会对环境中的拒绝或者排斥信息更为敏感。基于此,排斥个体会对暗示和传达了拒绝信息的愤怒面孔投入更多注意资源,反应更快；2.社会归属需要是人类的一种基本需要,因此在遭遇排斥后,个体也可能会将更多注意资源投注在那些传达友善信息,能够满足归属需要的社会线索上(如高兴面孔)。事实上,排斥个体的认知资源挣扎于究竟是更多的关注社会接纳信息还是警觉其它的拒绝信息以防再次被排斥。个体的注意资源是有限的,人们会优先将有限的注意资源分配给环境中那些跟我们适应生存密切相关的刺激。鉴于排斥个体强烈渴望归属于某个团体或被他人接纳。因此,我们认为排斥个体会对传递友善社交意图的社会接纳信息(高兴面孔)更为敏感。返回抑制(inhibition of return, IOR)是指对原先注意过的物体或位置进行反应时所表现出的滞后现象。抑制能够阻止注意返回到先前注意过的位置,促使注意指向视野中尚未搜索过的新位置,从而有利于提高视觉搜索效率。在这里,我们假设社会排斥会改变排斥个体对愤怒面孔的返回抑制,因为渴望归属的需要会促使社会排斥个体对蕴含社会接纳的信息更为敏感,出现对高兴面孔的返回抑制。社会接纳组没有强烈的归属动机,因而不会增加对社会接纳信息的敏感性,不会出现对高兴面孔的返回抑制。目前还没有研究探讨过排斥个体对接纳信息的敏感性是否会促使其产生返回抑制。研究一以面孔图片(高兴、愤怒和中性面孔)为实验材料,采用抛球游戏操作排斥反应,并结合点探测实验范式通过两个实验探讨了社会排斥个体对社会接纳信息(高兴面孔)是否更为敏感,以及排斥个体对高兴面孔是否存在返回抑制。研究一第一个实验中对社会接纳信息(高兴面孔)进行2(组别：排斥组vs接纳组)×2(位置：同侧vs异侧)的重复测量方差分析。结果显示,位置主效应显著F(1,39)=4.48,p=0.41,位置和组别的交互作用显著F(1,39)=7.49,p=0.009。对社会拒绝信息(愤怒面孔)进行2(组别：排斥组vs接纳组)×2(位置：同侧vs异侧)的重复测量方差分析结果显示,位置与组别交互作用不显著,F(1,39)=0.011,p=0.917。表明社会排斥组对高兴面孔存在注意加工偏向,对社会接纳信息更为敏感,而对社会拒绝信息不存在加工偏向；社会接纳组同正常被试一样对愤怒面孔更为敏感,对愤怒面孔存在加工偏向而对高兴面孔不敏感。实验一初步验证了排斥个体对接纳信息的敏感性,实验二进一步验证排斥个体对接纳信息的敏感性是否促使其产生对接纳信息的返回抑制。实验二中对社会接纳信息(高兴面孔)进行2(组别：排斥组vs接纳组)×2(位置：同侧vs异侧)的重复测量方差分析。结果显示,位置主效应显著,F(1,30)=23.24,P=0.00,位置跟组别交互作用显著,F(1,30)=18.73,P=0.00。对社会拒绝信息(愤怒面孔)进行2(组别：排斥组vs接纳组)×2(位置：同侧vs异侧)的重复测量方差分析,结果显示,位置和组别交互作用不显著,F(1,30)=0.77,p=0.39。表明社会排斥组只对高兴面孔存在返回抑制,而对愤怒面孔不存在返回抑制,说明社会排斥对个体的注意机制产生了如此深的影响以至于渴望归属的动机战胜了避免再次被拒绝的动机,而促使排斥个体对接纳信息更为敏感而对其产生返回抑制；社会接纳组只对愤怒面孔产生返回抑制。我们的实验验证了我们的假设,社会排斥增强了对社会接纳信息的敏感,渴望归属的动机甚至影响了其注意机制,使其产生对接纳信息的返回抑制。基于研究一的结果,研究二在研究一的基础上进一步验证社会排斥个体对社会接纳信息(高兴面孔)的渴望可能源于高兴面孔所蕴含的友好的社交信息能够降低排斥个体的“心理疼痛”。以情绪面孔为启动材料来探索情绪面孔对排斥个体疼痛评估的影响。结果显示相对于中性情绪面孔,愤怒面孔增加了排斥个体对疼痛强度的评估,即携带社会拒绝的威胁性信息加剧了社会排斥所产生的“心理疼痛”。而在高兴面孔启动条件下,社会排斥组对疼痛强度的评估显著小于愤怒面孔和中性面孔,说明高兴面孔所蕴含的社会接纳信息降低了社会排斥诱发的“心理疼痛”。总的来说,社会排斥增强了对社会接纳信息的敏感,渴望归属的动机甚至影响了其注意机制,使其产生对接纳信息的返回抑制,且社会排斥个体对社会接纳信息的注意加工偏向可能源于社会接纳信息能够降低社会排斥所造成的“心理疼痛”。
[Abstract]:The desire to be accepted by a social group and to maintain a positive, stable and long-term social relationship is one of the most common and basic needs of human beings. The destruction of individual ownership needs a significant impact on individual cognition, emotion, behavior, and the physical and mental health of the individual, and a large number of studies indicate social exclusion. Psychological pain is consistent with the brain area activated by physical pain. Social exclusion is a very common social scene in life. Everyone has more or less experience of being rejected by others or a social group, plus the significant impact of social exclusion on our psychology and behavior, which is worth more precision in the field. Try to explore the mechanism behind it.
In view of the importance of social belonging, we believe that individuals will have two cognitive performances after being excluded: 1. relative to social acceptance, social exclusion increases the vigilance of threat signals such as angry faces. After exclusion, to prevent repulsion or rejection of others, exclusion or rejection of the environment is more important for rejection or rejection of information. Sensitivities. Based on this, rejecting an experience to imply and convey an angry face of refusal information put more attention into the resource, and reacts faster; 2. the need for social ownership is a basic human need, so in the case of exclusion, the individual may also put more attention to the society that conveys friendly information to meet the needs of the society. In fact, the cognitive resources that exclude individuals struggle to pay more attention to social acceptance information or to be alert to other rejection information to prevent re exclusion. The individual's attention resources are limited, and people will prioritize the limited attention resources to those in the environment that are closely related to us to survive. In view of the strong desire of the excluded individuals to belong to a group or to be accepted by others, we think the exclusion of individuals is more sensitive to social acceptance information (happy faces) that convey friendly social intentions.
Inhibition of return (IOR) is a lagging phenomenon shown in the response to a previously noticed object or position. Inhibition can prevent attention from returning to the previously noticed position, prompting attention to a new position that has not been searched in the field of vision, which is conducive to improving the efficiency of visual search. Here, we assume Social exclusion will change the rejection of an individual's return to an angry face, because the need for ascription will cause social exclusion to be more sensitive to the information contained in social acceptance, and to suppress the return of a happy face. The social acceptance group does not have a strong attribution motivation, and therefore does not increase the sensitivity of the social acceptance information. There is no inhibition of return to happy faces. At present, no research has been conducted to explore whether the sensitivity of rejection individuals to information reception will induce their inhibition of return.
In this study, a face picture (happy, angry and neutral face) was used as an experimental material, using a throw ball game to operate rejection, and a combination of point detection experimental paradigms to explore whether social exclusion individuals were more sensitive to social acceptance information (happy faces) by two experiments, and the rejection of individuals to repress the existence of happy faces. In the first experiment, in the first experiment, the social acceptance information (happy face) was carried out by 2 (Group: rejection group vs admission group) x 2 (position: the same side vs different sides) repeated measurement variance analysis. The results showed that the main effect of the position main effect was F (1,39) =4.48, p=0.41, the interaction between the position and the group significantly F (1,39) =7.49, p=0.009. for social rejection information (angry face). The repeated measurement of variance analysis of 2 (Group: rejection group vs admission group) x 2 (position: the same side vs) showed that the interaction between the position and the group was not significant. F (1,39) =0.011, p=0.917. showed that the social exclusion group was more sensitive to the happy face, more sensitive to the social acceptance information, and the social rejection information did not exist. The social acceptance group, like the normal subjects, is more sensitive to the angry face, processing the angry face and insensitive to the happy face. Experiment 1 preliminarily verifies the sensitivity of the rejected individual to the reception information. Experiment two further verifies whether the sensitivity of the excluded individual to admission information makes it produce acceptance information. Return inhibition. In Experiment 2, the social acceptance information (happy face) was carried out by 2 (Group: rejection group vs admission group) x 2 (position: same side vs side) repeated measurement variance analysis. The results showed that the main effect was significant, F (1,30) =23.24, P=0.00, F (1,30) =18.73, P=0.00. to social rejection information (anger face). A repeated measurement of variance analysis of 2 (Group: rejection group vs admission group) x 2 (position: isalateral VS), the results showed that the interaction between the position and the group was not significant, F (1,30) =0.77, p=0.39. showed that the social rejection group only repressed the existence of happy faces, and the anger face was not repressed, indicating the social exclusion to the individual. The intention mechanism has such a deep influence that the motive of the desire for ascription has conquered the motivation to avoid being rejected again, and prompted the rejection of the individual to be more sensitive to the acceptance of information and to repress it, and the social acceptance group only repressed the angry face. Our experiment verified our hypothesis that social exclusion was enhanced. It is sensitive to the acceptance of information in society, and the motivation of desire for belonging has even influenced its attention mechanism to suppress the return of acceptance information. Based on the results of research one, research two further verifies that the desire of social exclusion individuals for social acceptance information (happy faces) can be derived from the happy face on the basis of research one. Friendly social information can reduce "psychological pain" that excludes individuals. Emotional faces are used as starting materials to explore the impact of emotional faces on the assessment of individual pain. The "psychological pain" produced by social exclusion, and under the condition of happy face initiation, the assessment of the intensity of pain in the social exclusion group is significantly less than the angry face and the neutral face, indicating that the social acceptance information contained in the happy face reduces the "psychological pain" induced by social exclusion.
In general, social exclusion increases the sensitivity of social acceptance to information, and the motivation of desire for belonging has even affected the mechanism of attention, which makes it inhibit the return of acceptance information, and the social exclusion of social rejection of the individual's attention to social acceptance information may be derived from social acceptance information can reduce the "psychology" caused by social exclusion. Pain.
【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：B842

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